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primary elections

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voters select party nominees

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general elections

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contested between party nominees

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elections on specific policy questions

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voters engage in making or ratifying legislation

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initiative petition

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a process permitted in some states whereby voters may put proposed changes in the state constitution to a vote if sufficient signatures are obtained on petitions calling for referendum; changes by the people.

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referendum

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a state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment; changes by the state which makes new law/amendment

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John Adams was president, Thomas Jefferson was vice president

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in 1796, who was president & vice president?

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Thomas Jefferson was elected president & this was the first peaceful transition of power between parties via the electoral system in history.

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in 1800, who was elected president & why is this significant?

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William Jennings Bryan

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who was youngest presidential nominee in history?

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on state legislatures who had to choose members for the electoral college

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in election of 1800, what was the focus on?

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because of his strong leadership, his stance on the War on Terror, and people supported his \"moral values\"

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why was Bush re-elected in 2004?

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Republican William McKinley from Ohio & Democrat William Jennings Bryan 36 year old from Nebraska; McKinley won; because 80% of eligible electorate voted in one of the highest turnout ever.

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who were the nominees in the 1896 presidential election? who won? why is this election significant?

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Federalist John Adams (incumbent) & Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson; first peaceful transition of power

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who were candidates in election of 1800 & why is this election significant?

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Republican incumbent George W. Bush & Democrat John Kerry; electoral college winner rested in the battleground state Ohio

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who were candidates in 2004 election & why is this election significant?

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legitimacy

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elections are universally accepted as a fair & free method of selecting political leaders

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suffrage (franchise is another word for suffrage)

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the legal right to vote. given to African-Americans in 15 Amendment, women in 19th amendment, and 18+ year olds in 26 amendment

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Joseph Harris; the sixties

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who was the professor at UC Berkeley who invented the first punch card voting system & when?

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Republican George W. Bush & Democrat Al Gore

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who were the presidential candidates in the election of 2000?

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1/10th of 1% in FL; FL demanded a recount

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What was Bush's lead in the 2000 election over Gore, in what state, & what did that state do?

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FL Supreme Court ruled in favor of Al Gore's team & demanded the counties of FL to recount the clear intentions of people. Bush counter sued & went to the US Supreme Court: Bush vs. Gore.

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What did the FL Supreme Court rule, who did they rule in favor of, & what did the other candidate do?

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The US Supreme Court overruled FL Supreme Court & said a more concise & persistent way of counting ballots would have to be applied. There would not be enough time to recount all the ballots by the time the electoral had to meet to vote.

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What did Bush vs. Gore do/say?

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none

answer

which states allows residents who aren't citizens to vote?

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80%; 1896

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Finish this sentence: in the past 110 years, the _________% turnout rate in the __________ election was the high point of electoral participation.

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55%

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What percentage of the adult population voted in the 2004 presidential election?

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They could not take time off from work or school that day & voter registration is too complex; move Election Day to a Saturday or make it a holiday.

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What was the most frequent response given by nonvoters during the 2004 presidential election? What have scholars proposed?

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political efficacy

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the belief that one's political participation really matters- that one's vote actually makes a difference

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by asking people to agree or disagree with \"I don't think public officials care much what people like me think.\"

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how is efficacy measured?

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civic duty

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the belief that in order to support democratic government, a citizen should always vote. (longterm)

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largely to prevent corruption associated with stuffing ballot boxes, these laws required individuals to first place their name on an electoral roll in order to be allowed to vote.

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why did states adopt voter registration laws?

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although these laws have made it difficult to vote more than once, they have also discouraged some people from voting at all.

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has voter registration laws encouraged or discouraged people from voting?

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North Dakota

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which state has no voter registration at all?

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Minnesota, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Idaho, New Hampshire and Maine.

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Which states can voters register to vote on election day?

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because they provide regular perspective through which voters can view the political world

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why is party identification crucial for many voters?

question

African Americans & Jews

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Republicans usually assume they will not receive much support from...

question

voter registration

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a system adopted by the states that requires voters to register well in advance of Election Day.

question

party affiliation

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what is the best single predictor of a voter's decision that scholars signaled out in the 1950s?

question

education, age, race, gender, marital status, and government employment

answer

what are the demographic factors that are related to turnout?

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people with higher that average educational levels have a higher rate of voting than people with less education.

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who is more likely to vote education wise?

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older people are far more likely to vote than younger people.

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who is more likely to vote age wise?

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African Americans & Hispanics are underrepresented among voters relative to their share of citizenry. However, African Americans & Hispanics with high levels of education have a higher turnout rate than whites with comparable educational experience.

answer

who is more likely to vote race wise?

question

women participate in elections at a slightly higher rate than men.

answer

who is more likely to vote gender wise?

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people who are married are more likely to vote than those who are not

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who is more likely to vote based on marital status?

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having their jobs & the future of the programs they work on at stake and being in a position to know more about government impels government workers to high levels of participation

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who is more likely to work based on government employment?

question

Scandinavia

answer

in what european country does the country register all citizens to vote?

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European voter might be called on to cast 2 or 3 more ballots in a 4 year period; Americans faced with a dozen or more elections in 4 years. Americans also expected to vote for a much wider range of political offices.

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How many times does a typical European voter vote in a four year period? American voter?

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The choices offered Americans are not as stark as in other countries because US lacks a major left wing party. When Europeans go to the polls, they are deciding on whether their countries will be run by parties with socialist goals or by conservative goals.

answer

Why is the stimulus to vote low in the US?

question

mandate theory of elections

answer

the idea that the winning candidate has a mandate from the people to carry out his or her platforms. this lets politicians justify what they want to do by claiming public support for their policies.

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1. voter's party identification 2. voters' evaluation of the candidates 3. the match between voters policy positions and those of the candidates & parties- a factor termed 'policy voting'

answer

what are the 3 major elements of a voter's decision?

question

conservative Christians, rich people, & staunch Republicans

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who do the Democrats know they will have a hard time getting to vote for them?

question

That the 3 most important dimensions of candidate image are integrity, reliability, and competence.

answer

What did research by Miller, Wattenberg, and Malanchuk show?

question

dependable and decisive; dependability

answer

According to Miller, Wattenberg, and Malanchuk a candidate should also be seen as ___________________________. This was called _______________.

question

usually much higher; this is one of the reasons why it is so difficult to defeat an incumbent president running for second term.

answer

does the incumbent president usually score high or low on competence?

question

When the Bush campaign repeatedly labeled John Kerry a flip flopper during the 2004 campaign, his image of reliability suffered.

answer

How did John Kerry's image of reliability suffer in 2004 election?

question

policy voting

answer

electoral choices that are made on the basis of the voters' policy preferences and on the basis of where the candidates stand on policy issues.

question

1. voter must have a clear view of their own policy positions 2. voters must know where the candidates stand on policy issues 3. they must see differences between the candidates 4. they must actually cast a vote for the candidate whose policy position coincide with their own.

answer

True policy voting can only occur when 4 conditions are met..

question

candidates often decide that the best way to handle a controversial issue is to cloud their positions in rhetoric. in 1968 both Nixon & Humphrey were deliberately ambiguous about what they would do to end Vietnam War.

answer

what is one regular obstacle to policy voting?

question

the electoral college; the people at large

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finish this sentence: it is the members of ______________ NOT ______________ who actually cast the vote for president & vice president of USA.

question

electoral college

answer

a unique American institution created by Constitution providing for the selection of the president by electors chosen by the state parties. although the electoral college vote usually reflects a popular majority, the winner take all rule gives clout to big states.

question

the founders wanted the president to be selected by the nation's elite, not directly by the people.

answer

how did the founders want president & VP to be selected?

question

1. the state parties select slates of electors 2. Aside from Maine & Nebraska, each state has a winner take all system. Electors vote as a bloc for the winner, whether the winner got 35 or 95 percent of the popular vote in their state. 3. Electors meet in their states in December, following the November election & then mail their votes to the Vice President (whose president of the Senate). the vote is counted when the new congressional sessions opens in January & is reported by VP. 4. if no candidate receives an electoral college majority, then the election is thrown into the House which must choose from among the top 3 electoral vote winners. each state delegation has 1 vote. this hasn't occurred since 1828.

answer

How the electoral college system works today (4 steps):...

question

1. it introduces a bias into the campaign & electoral process. because each state gets 2 votes regardless of population the less populated states are overrepresented. 2. the winner-take-all rule means that candidates will necessarily focus on winning the states where the polls show that there appears to be a close contest. Thus Bush & Kerry paid a great deal of attention to Ohio & Florida.

answer

what are the 2 reasons the electoral college is important to the presidential election?

question

1. they select policymakers 2. elections shape public policy

answer

elections accomplish 2 tasks according to democratic theory...

question

the more likely voters will be able to steer government policies by their choices.

answer

the greater the policy differences between the candidates...

question

retrospective voting

answer

a theory of voting in which voters essentially ask the question \"what have you done for me lately?\"

question

the state of the economy. when the economy goes sour there is an urge to kick out the incumbents. in presidential elections people unhappy with the state of the economy tend to blame the incumbent.

answer

nothing makes the incumbent politicians more nervous than...

question

using fiscal policy

answer

how do politicians keep American economy running once in office?

question

the incumbent & those fingers pull the lever for the challengers on Election Day

answer

who do voters blame when economic trouble mounts?

question

sending a message to the government to accomplish something. it should thus be no surprise that as democracy has spread, government has come to do more & more & its scope has grown.

answer

finish this sentence: voters like to feel that they are...

question

1993; 1995

answer

when did Motor Voter Law passed? when did it take effect?

question

Motor Voter Law

answer

designed to make it easier to vote; the law required states to provide registration when obtaining a driver's license, through the mail, and at some state offices.

question

630,000 people in 27 states

answer

2 months after the Motor Voter Law took effect how many people in how many states signed up?

question

Andrew Jackson

answer

under whose administration did voting include all white males?

question

NJ & NC

answer

what two states were the last to abolish property restrictions for voting?

question

14%

answer

By 1880, what percent of white males couldn't vote?

question

1842; 1 per district

answer

in what year did federal law require all members of House be elected by districts? how many per district?

question

even numbered years on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November

answer

When are all federal elections held?

question

1870; the right of US citizens to vote won't be denied or abridged by the US or any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

answer

when was the 15th amendment passed & what did it state?

question

if someone was denied the right to vote it could not be solely because of their race

answer

How did Supreme Court interpret the 15th Amendment?

question

a person could vote even if he did not meet the legal requirements if their ancestors voted before 1867

answer

what did grandfather clause state?

question

1915

answer

when was grandfather clause declared unconstitutional

question

1944

answer

when was white primary done away with?

question

1965

answer

when was voting rights act passed?

question

1. ended use of literacy test 2. authorized the appointment of federal examiners who could order the registration of blacks in states & counties were fewer than 50% of the voting age population were registered or had voted in the past presidential election 3. Provided criminal penalties for interfering with the right to vote.

answer

what did voting rights act do?

question

In Mississippi, it goes from 5% to 70% of blacks registering to vote in 10 years

answer

Once the voting rights act was enacted, In Mississippi, what was the change of blacks registering to vote?

question

Wyoming

answer

which state first to grant women the right to vote?

question

gave 18 year olds right to vote in federal elections beginning Jan. 1st, 1971. declared unconstitutional. resulted in 26th Amendment

answer

what did voting rights act of 1970 do?

question

1972

answer

which election was first in which people 18-21 could vote

question

o Low voter turnout among youth o They did not flock to any one particular party o Since '72 the youth voter turnout has fallen both in absolute terms and relative to rates among senior citizens o However, rates of participation in civic activities such as community service have hit an all-time high for American youth.

answer

what were results of 26th amendment/voting rights act of 1970

question

the 23rd amendment passed in 1961; presidential elections

answer

which amendment gave D.C. residents right to vote & in which kind of election?

question

70%

answer

between 1860-1900 what % of eligible voters went to the polls

question

1900; 70%

answer

since ____________ not a single presidential election turnout has reached _______.

question

o Lack of interest o Weakening competitiveness of the two major parties o History of voter fraud (Until the beginning of the 20th century, fraud was commonplace: parties printed the ballots, not done in secrecy, rules were easily overlooked)

answer

why low voter turnout since 1900?

question

Australian; 1890

answer

what kind of ballot do we use today & when was it introduced?

question

Voter registration became more burdensome • Longer residency requirements • Aliens that have begun but not completed the process of becoming citizens could no longer vote in most states • Educational qualifications • Voters had to register long in advance of an election • These changes reduced fraud but reduced voting overall

answer

reasons for voter turnout decline after 1890s

question

Requiring each state to have in place a system for continuing the disputed ballots of voters whose names were left off official registration lists. Providing federal funds for upgrading voting equipment and procedures and for training election officials.

answer

Because of the controversy over the 2000 election, Congress passed several measures to try to fix the nations voting system including...

question

states determine who could vote & for what offices

answer

does state or federal government have control over who could vote and for what offices?

Government Contract 3 TEST REVIEW- Elections & Voting Behavior

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