Reflection Essay on GLY Topic 12

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This new volcano has grown from the submarine caldera of Krakatau
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Anark Krakatau
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An eruption of the ancestor to the 19th century Krakatau may have been responsible for global climate impacts noted aout 535 AD
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True
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The largest eruption of Krakatau were measured as pressure spikes on the gasometer of this city
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Batavia
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An even larger volcano, Ancient Krakatau, may have occupied the site of Krakatau before it also destroyed itself
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True
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Dutch controller Willem Beyerinck and his family were almost killed by tsunami and pyroclastic flows
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True
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Krakatau occupies these important straits, one of the busiest channels of commercial navigation since commerce began on the sea
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Sunda Straits
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When was the deadly eruption of Krakatau
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1883
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What famous ocean explorer visited Krakatau more than once before its catastrophic eruption
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Captain James Cook
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After the eruption of Krakatau, all that was left of the volcano were small islands surronding a
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submarine caldera
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The sound created by this eruption of this volcano was the loudest noise ever heard in historical times
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Krakatau
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The Krakatau pyroclastic flows over water were cushioned by a layer of
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steam
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The majority of deaths during the eruption of Krakatau were caused by
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tsunami
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Batavia (now Jakarta) and Krakatau was under the administration of what country at the time of Krakatau's cataclysmic eruption
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Netherlands
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Krakatau volcanism is caused by subduction into this nearby trench
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Sunda
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Why is the eruption of Krakatau considered the first natural disaster of the modern era?
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it was the first to be followed by a global news distribution network
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Most of the European witnesses to the pre-, syn-, and post-eruption events of Krakatau were
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aboard offshore ships
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Dense concentrations floating pumice are called
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pumice rafts
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Pyroclastic surges traveled dozens of miles over water from Krakatau, some crossing the Sunda Straits
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True
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Krakatau was the only volcano in Indonesia
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False
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Krakatau is in what country
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Indonesia
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Unlike the 1900 Galveston hurricane, most Hurricane Ike damage was wind damage and not storm surge damage
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false
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A sea wall does not protect the landward portion of Galveston Island from water rising in the Galveston Harbor and West Bay
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true
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Hurricane Ike was what category hurricane when it made landfall?
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2
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Hurricane Ike was the strongest hurricane to hit Galveston since the 1900 hurricane
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true
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The Galveston sea wall extends the entire length of the barrier island
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false
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What northern Gulf of Mexico city is more at risk to hurricane damage than Galveston?
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New Orleans
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Most barrier islands are vulnerable to extensive storm surge damage with a nearby landfall of a hurricane
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yes
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A barrier island in a natural state would migrate toward shore with rising sea level
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true
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All Galveston area structures built on stilts were unharmed by Hurricane Ike
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false
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Prior to the 1900 hurricane, the city of Galveston was the mot populous city in Texas
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true
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After the 1900 hurricane, Galveston built this to help protect the city from future storm surge
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a sea wall
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Prior to the 1900 hurricane, the city of Galveston stood an average of how much above sea level
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4.5 feet
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The Chief Meteorologist in Galveston on the eve of the 1900 hurricane was
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Isaac Cline
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Which natural disaster resulted in the greatest loss of life?
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the Galveston hurricane of 1900
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North of Galveston Island and across Galveston Harbor is the low lying
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Bolivar Peninsula
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The 1900 Weather Bureau's \"Law of Storms\" predicted that all tropical cyclones moving east to west across the Atlantic would:
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recurve to the north and east along the Atlantic coast
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Galveston was once one to the busiest ports in the United States
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true
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After the 1900 Galveston hurricane what Texas city replaced it as the largest city and port?
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Houston
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Cuban meteorologists of 1900 had a better understanding of the behavior of hurricanes than did their American peers
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true
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North of 40 degrees latitude and south of 35 degrees latitude there is a deficit of incoming short wave radiation relative to outgoing infrared radiation
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true
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the strongest winds of a hurricane occur
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in the eye wall
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The Atlantic hurricane season is from
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May 15 - November 30
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Which of the following determines the height of the storm surge
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all of these
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What percentage of the U.S. population lives in coastal counties?
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almost 40
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the minimum sustained winds in a hurricane are
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74 mph
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major hurricanes are what categories in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale?
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3-5
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Inland flooding along the path of land-falling hurricane is greater with a fast moving system than with a slow moving one
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false
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the deadliest hurricanes/cyclones in history were in this basin
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Indian Ocean
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Atlantic hurricane names are all male names
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false
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Data transmitted from tsunami detection buoys are used to
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Modify tsunami propagation models
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In which ocean basin is tsunami monitoring less important than the others?
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Atlantic Ocean
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Tsunami detection buoys are connected to a seafloor device that measures
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Pressure fluctuations on the sea bottom
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The shoreline always drops below low tide level before a tsunami comes ashore
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False
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The first tsunami detection buoy was deployed in what year?
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1995
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An October 2010 earthquake and tsunami on the Sumatra coast resulted in no loss of life because of newly installed tsunami warning systems
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False
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Increasing vegetation along the shoreline and near shore can mitigate tsunami energy as it comes ashore
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True
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Tetrapods and hexapods are _______ and ________ pronged concrete structures used to mitigate tsunami energy
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four, six
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The operational center of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center is in what city?
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Honolulu, Hawaii
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An additional tsunami warning center for some North Pacific tsunami is centered in
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Palmer, Alaska
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Forecasts of tsunami heights are more accurate than tsunami arrival times
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False
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This Pacific rim country has probably engineered and deployed the most systems for the mitigation of tsunami
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Japan
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There were no tsunami detection buoys deployed in the Indian Ocean when the 2004 Sumatra tsunami hit
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True
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The first tsunami crest is always the largest one
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False
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The acronym for the deep-ocean tsunami detection system is
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DART
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The 2004 Sumatra tsunami was caused by a
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Subduction zone megathrust
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About how long did it take for the 2004 Sumatra tsunami to first reach shore?
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20 minutes
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The Earth's rupture that caused the 2004 Sumatra tsunami and earthquake was
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Longest ever recorded
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The maximum height of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami was about
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100 feet
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Which of the following disasters did not occur during the same tectonic boundary?
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1700 Orphan tsunami
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Which one of the following countries had no casualties attributed to the 2004 Sumatra tsunami
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South Africa
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A large number of vacationing Europeans were killed in this country as a result of the Sumatra tsunami
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Thailand
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Which tsunami resulted in the greatest loss of life
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The 2004 Sumatra tsunami
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The greatest loss of life from the 2004 Sumatra tsunami occurred where
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Northern Sumatra
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Satellite data detected the 2004 Sumatra tsunami and warned coastal communities
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False
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In what remote areas of the South Atlantic were Krakatau tsunami observed?
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Cape Horn and South Georgia
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Written eyewitness accounts indicate that there was only one Krakatau tsunami
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False
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All the cities and villages were destroyed on this funnel-shaped bay to the north of Krakatau
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Lampong Bay
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About how long did it take for the tsunami of Krakatau take to hit the surrounding shores between Java and Sumatra
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30 minutes
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No coastline in the world is more at risk than that of
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Sumatra and Java
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Which of the following shorelines is less likely to experience a tsunami
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Gulf of Mexico
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The eruption of Tambora created larger tsunami than that of Krakatau
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False
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None of those aboard ships in the Sunda Strait survived the Krakatau tsunami
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False
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The Krakatau tsunami were strong enough to destroy lighthouses
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True
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The Krakatau tsunami were created by
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Pyroclastic flows into the ocean and caldera collapse
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The Krakatau tsunami reached a maximum of how high above normal sea level?
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More than 100 feet
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The farthest that the Krakatau tsunami could be detected in the Atlantic was
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The English Channel
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Geography restricted the spread of the Krakatau tsunami east into the
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Java Sea
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Today the capital of Indonesia is called Jakarta. What was the name of Jakarta when Krakatu erupted
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Batavia
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What twp \"Case Studies\" involved earthquakes that caused large tsunami?
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Santorini and Krakatau volcanic eruptions
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The tsunami of Krakatau traveled father around the world than the pressure wave from its most powerful eruption
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False
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The tsunami from Krakatau were felt more strongly in which of the following regions
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Eastern Sumatra and Western Java
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The greatest loss of life from Krakatau tsunami was along the shoreline bordering
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The Sunda Strait
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Which volcano formed a caldera that created a tsunami
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Santorini
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The immediate tsunami death toll on the shorelines near Krakatau was estimated as
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30,000 to 40,000
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Once a tsunami crosses the entire Pacific it seldom has a height of more than 5 meters
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True
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Studies now indicate a recurrence interval for large Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes of
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400-500 years
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Trees in the Pacific Northwest add ______ rings per year, and are dormant between the months of _________.
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two, August and May
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There are no subduction zones offshore Japan that might create a tsunami generating earthquake
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False
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The best tree ring estimate of the 1700 Cascadian earthquake was from
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a Sitka Spruce root
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Shoreline evidence for past tsunami along Cascadia includes
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All of these
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A published anthology of Japanese earthquakes recorded from 416 AD to 1872 AD includes about how many earthquakes
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greater than 45,000
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During a subduction zone earthquake, the leading edge of the overriding plate is released to ________ while near the shoreline that land ___________:
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Springs up, sinks or subsides
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Most Japanese tsunami originate from earthquakes
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Just offshore Japan
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The data range of the Cascadian earthquake provided by tree ring evidence overlaps the __________ date of the Orphan tsunami, suggesting it was the parent of the tsunami:
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January 26th
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The Pacific Northwest is also under risk from volcano hazards
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True
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Tree ring dating shows that the sunken ghost forests died when
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After the 1699 growing season and before the 1700 growing season
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Cascadia refers to what region of the united states?
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The Pacific Northwest that is east of the Juan de Fuca plate
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Historical records from South America include no reference to a large earthquake along the South Amercican coast during 1700 AD
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True
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A tsunami with no known point of origin is known as:
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An orphan tsunami
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Computer modeling of the Cascadia tsunami requires that it was what magnitude for it to have caused the Japanese Orphan tsunami?
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8.7-9.2
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The height range of the Japanese Orphan tsunami was about how much
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2-5 meters
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What type of plate boundary is offshore the Washington, Oregon, and northern California?
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a subduction zone
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The Cascadian earthquake that caused the Orphan Tsunami occurred after permanent settlement of the region by people of European descent
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False
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The 1700 Orphan tsunami in Japan had a similar height as another created when and where
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Chile, 1960
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Fortunately, there are no significant Cascadia coastal population centers that might be impacted of another tsunami of the magnitude of Orphan Tsunami
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False
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The vertical distance between a wave crest and trough is called
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Wave height
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The vast majority of tsunami are created by
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large earthquakes at subduction zone plate boundaries
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Wave frequency is usually expressed as
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wave crests/time interval
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Sometimes the first portion of a tsunami to wash ashore is the trough of the wave
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True
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The height of water behind a tsunami coming ashore rapidly declines because of the short wavelength of tsunami
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False
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The maximum speed of tsunami propagation through the deep ocean basins is closet to
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750 km/hour
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A database of 1691 models of tsunami propagation are held by this group to help forecast tsunami arrival times
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NOAA Center for Tsunami research
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The majority of all recorded tsunami occurred in this ocean bath
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Pacific
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What is the usual height of a large tsunami in the open ocean (beyond the continental shelf)?
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less than one meter
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Fortunately, most subduction zone plate boundary earthquakes are far from shorelines, allowing many hours for safe evacuation
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False
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The largest loss of life ever experienced by a tsunami was caused by the
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2004 Sumatra tsunami
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Flank collapses of these Pacific islands have created large ancient tsunami
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Hawaiian Islands
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Wave steepness is a function of wave height divided by
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Wavelength
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Tsunami generally have multiple crests but the first crest is always the highest
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False
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Tsunami speed decreases as water depth shallows
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True
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Waves transmit ____________ and not ____________ through the ocean
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energy, mass
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The deadliest known tsunami in the Mediterranean was caused by
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the volcanic eruption of Santorini
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Earthquakes with epicenters on land do not cause tsunami
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True
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The wavelength of tsunami are generally in what range
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more than 100 km
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Tsunami is of _________ derivation and means _________
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Japanese, harbor wave
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Tsunami are considered \"shallow-water\" waves because
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the entire water column moves as a tsunami passes
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Tsunami slow down so much in shallow water that almost all people can outrun them as they wash ashore
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False
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This island in the Atlantic s considered by some scientists as a threat to potentially create a large tsunami by the collapse of the island flank into the ocean
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La Palma
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There is geologic evidence that an asteroid impact once caused a tsunami in the Gulf of Mexico
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True
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The base of wave-driven waves is the depth where
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Water no longer moves in response to a passing wave
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United States Geological Survey
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which government agency if responsible for monitoring volcanoes deemed a risk to the public:
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true
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volcanic hazard maps are necessary before a volcanic risk assessment can be completed
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false
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the atlantic has a greater concentration of active volcanoes than the pacific
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forest management
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which of the following is not of form of volcanic risk mitigation
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all three named location
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the United States Geological Survey maintains a volcanic observatory(s) for:
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all of these
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which of the following is a factor in evaluating volcanic risk
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false
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researchers have found the behavior of individual volcanoes is less constant than the behavior between volcanoes
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true
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earthquake swarms are often, but not always, precursors to an eruption
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true
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the history of volcanic activity for a specific volcano is important to assessment of its volcanic risk
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changes in the composition of rocks
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which of the following is not monitored to detect the possibility of new activity by a volcano?
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Carbon Dioxide is odorless and denser than air, causing it to hug the ground:
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true
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An even larger quantity of gas than in Lake Nyos occurs in this lake of the African Rift Valley between Rwanda and Zaire:
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Lake Kiva
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The massive and rapid release of gas from Lake Nyos was caused by:
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a disruption to the stratification of the lake.
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Lake Nyos is occupied what type of volcanic feature?
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Marr
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Lake Nyos and Monoun expelled large quantities of this gas, killing large numbers of people:
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carbon dioxide
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Lake Nyos is in this African country:
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Cameroon
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Gradual mediation of limnic lakes can be achieved by:
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venting deep gas through a pipe
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Limnic explosions are rare and generally confined to:
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tropical lakes in volcanic regions
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The carbon dioxide in the limnic lake bottoms of Lakes Nyos and Monoun were implaced by:
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groundwater saturated from a magmatic source beneath the lake.
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Local myths, folklore, and oral traditions are potential indicators of lakes capable of limnic explosions:
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true
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Nevado del Ruiz had no previous history of causing lahars
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False
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What kind of volcano is Nevado del Ruiz?
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Stratovolcano
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Volcanoes of what volcanic explosive index can generate lahars?
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any
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Lahars are seldom a danger when tens of kilometers from a volcano
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False
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What volcanic hazard from Nevado del Ruiz was responsible for the loss of life in the village of Armero
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A lahar
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There had been no recent volcanic or seismic activity on Nevado del Ruiz in the months prior to the deadly November 13, 1985 eruption:
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False
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Most of those who died in Armero, Columbia, did so from
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Crushing injuries and burial
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Unfortunately, a volcanic hazards map was not finished prior to the Nevado del Ruiz disaster:
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False
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The Columbian government had no knowledge of the danger of Nevado del Ruiz to surrounding communities:
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False
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How does the loss of life from the Nevado del Ruiz lahar rank in terms of twentieth century volcanic distasters
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Second only to St. Pierre, Martinique
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Local officials in Armero were partially at fault for a lack of evacuation
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True
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The City of Armero was built on
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The floodplain of a river draining from Nevado del Ruiz
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What was the source of water to the Nevado del Ruiz lahar?
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An ice cap
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Do you believe that most large stratovolcanoes in the temperate to high latitudes have permanent snow and/or ice caps?
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Yes
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Nevado del Ruiz is located in the ________ mountains in the country of ________.
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Andes, Columbia
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Which of the following was to blame for the great loss of life in Armero
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All of these
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Why did people settle in the Lagunilla River Valley and Armero?
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All of these
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Swift and efficient disaster response greatly reduced the loss of life in Armero, Columbia, in the days after the disaster
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False
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Why wasn't the volcanic eruption of Nevado del Ruiz detected on the day of Armero's destruction?
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They knew it had erupted
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What relationship does volcanism in the Andes have to plate tectonics?
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The Andes are above a subduction zone
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The nuez ardente hit St. Pierre on May 8th, 1902, occurred at approximately what time of day
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8 am
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The greatest twentieth century loss of life from a volcanic eruption was the eruption of
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Mt. Pelee
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A subduction zone occurs to the ________ of Martinique where the ________ tectonic plate is subducted
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east, South American
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All the islands of the Lesser Antilles are volcanic
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True
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Most ships at anchor in the bay of St. Pierre also were destroyed by the eruption of Mt. Pelze
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True
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Only one St. Pierre survivor lived long enough to tell of his ordeal. Where was he found?
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In his jail cell
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There were no eruptions on Martinique during historic times, until the year St. Pierre was destroyed
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False
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Because of its sturdy construction which of the following St. Pierre buildings survived the eruption intact?
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none of these survived intact
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Martinique is a department of what country?
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France
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When the shallow still in the Etand Sec eroded away a ________ was sent down the Rivizre Blanche to the sea
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lahar
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In what year did an eruption of Mt. Pelze destroy the city of St. Pierre?
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1902
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Prior to the eruption, the formation of a lake in the crater of Mt. Pelze was caused by
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rising magma pushed up groudwater
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Today the principal crops of Martinique are
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sugar cane and bananas
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Volcanic eruptions can be accompanied by electrical discharges in their ash clouds
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True
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The entire island of Martinique is built almost entirely of
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coalesced pyroclastic flows
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The process that buried the Gurrin rum and sugar factory also caused what to happen in St. Pierre?
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A small tsunami
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Submarine cables were cut not long before the catastrophic eruption of Mt. Pelze and probably has nothing to do with the subsurface movement of magma
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False
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Some weak nuze ardentes occurred prior to the deadly Mt. Pelze eruption but were not cause for most of the St. Pierre population to evacuate
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True
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Martinique is on this tectonic plate
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Caribbean
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Today St. Pierre, Martinique, is uninhabited
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False
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What destroyed the plantation and guerin sugar and rum factory on the Riviere Balnche?
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A lahar
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The village of Prcheur, on the coast, was cutoff from the rest of Martinique by
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Lahars and pyroclastic flows
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What kind of volcano is Mt. Pelee?
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Stratovolcano
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The French use the term Peleean cloud for cloud for the type of glowing, destructive, hot avalanche of gas and ash inundated St. Pierre
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Nuee Ardente
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The mayor and governor advised the population to evacuate St. Pierre
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False
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The Etang Sec on Mt. Pelee was where the deadly pyroclastic flows originated from. What geologic feature was the Etang Sec?
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a caldera from an older eruption
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Martinique is an island in the
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Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles
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Sporadic eruptions of Mt. Pelee continued for decades after the destruction of St. Pierre
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True
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The Needle of Pelee was a tall and slender
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volcanic dome formed by very viscous lava pushed up though the vent
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The walls of most buildings in St. Pierre are composed of what type of material
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volcanic rocks
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This new volcano has grown from the submarine caldera of Krakatau
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Anark Krakatau
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An eruption of the ancestor to the 19th century Krakatau may have been responsible for global climate impacts noted aout 535 AD
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True
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The largest eruption of Krakatau were measured as pressure spikes on the gasometer of this city
answer
Batavia
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An even larger volcano, Ancient Krakatau, may have occupied the site of Krakatau before it also destroyed itself
answer
True
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Dutch controller Willem Beyerinck and his family were almost killed by tsunami and pyroclastic flows
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True
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Krakatau occupies these important straits, one of the busiest channels of commercial navigation since commerce began on the sea
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Sunda Straits
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When was the deadly eruption of Krakatau
answer
1883
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What famous ocean explorer visited Krakatau more than once before its catastrophic eruption
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Captain James Cook
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After the eruption of Krakatau, all that was left of the volcano were small islands surronding a
answer
submarine caldera
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The sound created by this eruption of this volcano was the loudest noise ever heard in historical times
answer
Krakatau
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The Krakatau pyroclastic flows over water were cushioned by a layer of
answer
steam
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The majority of deaths during the eruption of Krakatau were caused by
answer
tsunami
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Batavia (now Jakarta) and Krakatau was under the administration of what country at the time of Krakatau's cataclysmic eruption
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Netherlands
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Krakatau volcanism is caused by subduction into this nearby trench
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Sunda
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Why is the eruption of Krakatau considered the first natural disaster of the modern era?
answer
it was the first to be followed by a global news distribution network
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Most of the European witnesses to the pre-, syn-, and post-eruption events of Krakatau were
answer
aboard offshore ships
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Dense concentrations floating pumice are called
answer
pumice rafts
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Pyroclastic surges traveled dozens of miles over water from Krakatau, some crossing the Sunda Straits
answer
True
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question
Krakatau was the only volcano in Indonesia
answer
False
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question
Krakatau is in what country
answer
Indonesia
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