question

This new volcano has grown from the submarine caldera of Krakatau

answer

Anark Krakatau

question

An eruption of the ancestor to the 19th century Krakatau may have been responsible for global climate impacts noted aout 535 AD

answer

True

question

The largest eruption of Krakatau were measured as pressure spikes on the gasometer of this city

answer

Batavia

question

An even larger volcano, Ancient Krakatau, may have occupied the site of Krakatau before it also destroyed itself

answer

True

question

Dutch controller Willem Beyerinck and his family were almost killed by tsunami and pyroclastic flows

answer

True

question

Krakatau occupies these important straits, one of the busiest channels of commercial navigation since commerce began on the sea

answer

Sunda Straits

question

When was the deadly eruption of Krakatau

answer

1883

question

What famous ocean explorer visited Krakatau more than once before its catastrophic eruption

answer

Captain James Cook

question

After the eruption of Krakatau, all that was left of the volcano were small islands surronding a

answer

submarine caldera

question

The sound created by this eruption of this volcano was the loudest noise ever heard in historical times

answer

Krakatau

question

The Krakatau pyroclastic flows over water were cushioned by a layer of

answer

steam

question

The majority of deaths during the eruption of Krakatau were caused by

answer

tsunami

question

Batavia (now Jakarta) and Krakatau was under the administration of what country at the time of Krakatau's cataclysmic eruption

answer

Netherlands

question

Krakatau volcanism is caused by subduction into this nearby trench

answer

Sunda

question

Why is the eruption of Krakatau considered the first natural disaster of the modern era?

answer

it was the first to be followed by a global news distribution network

question

Most of the European witnesses to the pre-, syn-, and post-eruption events of Krakatau were

answer

aboard offshore ships

question

Dense concentrations floating pumice are called

answer

pumice rafts

question

Pyroclastic surges traveled dozens of miles over water from Krakatau, some crossing the Sunda Straits

answer

True

question

Krakatau was the only volcano in Indonesia

answer

False

question

Krakatau is in what country

answer

Indonesia

question

Unlike the 1900 Galveston hurricane, most Hurricane Ike damage was wind damage and not storm surge damage

answer

false

question

A sea wall does not protect the landward portion of Galveston Island from water rising in the Galveston Harbor and West Bay

answer

true

question

Hurricane Ike was what category hurricane when it made landfall?

answer

2

question

Hurricane Ike was the strongest hurricane to hit Galveston since the 1900 hurricane

answer

true

question

The Galveston sea wall extends the entire length of the barrier island

answer

false

question

What northern Gulf of Mexico city is more at risk to hurricane damage than Galveston?

answer

New Orleans

question

Most barrier islands are vulnerable to extensive storm surge damage with a nearby landfall of a hurricane

answer

yes

question

A barrier island in a natural state would migrate toward shore with rising sea level

answer

true

question

All Galveston area structures built on stilts were unharmed by Hurricane Ike

answer

false

question

Prior to the 1900 hurricane, the city of Galveston was the mot populous city in Texas

answer

true

question

After the 1900 hurricane, Galveston built this to help protect the city from future storm surge

answer

a sea wall

question

Prior to the 1900 hurricane, the city of Galveston stood an average of how much above sea level

answer

4.5 feet

question

The Chief Meteorologist in Galveston on the eve of the 1900 hurricane was

answer

Isaac Cline

question

Which natural disaster resulted in the greatest loss of life?

answer

the Galveston hurricane of 1900

question

North of Galveston Island and across Galveston Harbor is the low lying

answer

Bolivar Peninsula

question

The 1900 Weather Bureau's \"Law of Storms\" predicted that all tropical cyclones moving east to west across the Atlantic would:

answer

recurve to the north and east along the Atlantic coast

question

Galveston was once one to the busiest ports in the United States

answer

true

question

After the 1900 Galveston hurricane what Texas city replaced it as the largest city and port?

answer

Houston

question

Cuban meteorologists of 1900 had a better understanding of the behavior of hurricanes than did their American peers

answer

true

question

North of 40 degrees latitude and south of 35 degrees latitude there is a deficit of incoming short wave radiation relative to outgoing infrared radiation

answer

true

question

the strongest winds of a hurricane occur

answer

in the eye wall

question

The Atlantic hurricane season is from

answer

May 15 - November 30

question

Which of the following determines the height of the storm surge

answer

all of these

question

What percentage of the U.S. population lives in coastal counties?

answer

almost 40

question

the minimum sustained winds in a hurricane are

answer

74 mph

question

major hurricanes are what categories in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale?

answer

3-5

question

Inland flooding along the path of land-falling hurricane is greater with a fast moving system than with a slow moving one

answer

false

question

the deadliest hurricanes/cyclones in history were in this basin

answer

Indian Ocean

question

Atlantic hurricane names are all male names

answer

false

question

Data transmitted from tsunami detection buoys are used to

answer

Modify tsunami propagation models

question

In which ocean basin is tsunami monitoring less important than the others?

answer

Atlantic Ocean

question

Tsunami detection buoys are connected to a seafloor device that measures

answer

Pressure fluctuations on the sea bottom

question

The shoreline always drops below low tide level before a tsunami comes ashore

answer

False

question

The first tsunami detection buoy was deployed in what year?

answer

1995

question

An October 2010 earthquake and tsunami on the Sumatra coast resulted in no loss of life because of newly installed tsunami warning systems

answer

False

question

Increasing vegetation along the shoreline and near shore can mitigate tsunami energy as it comes ashore

answer

True

question

Tetrapods and hexapods are _______ and ________ pronged concrete structures used to mitigate tsunami energy

answer

four, six

question

The operational center of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center is in what city?

answer

Honolulu, Hawaii

question

An additional tsunami warning center for some North Pacific tsunami is centered in

answer

Palmer, Alaska

question

Forecasts of tsunami heights are more accurate than tsunami arrival times

answer

False

question

This Pacific rim country has probably engineered and deployed the most systems for the mitigation of tsunami

answer

Japan

question

There were no tsunami detection buoys deployed in the Indian Ocean when the 2004 Sumatra tsunami hit

answer

True

question

The first tsunami crest is always the largest one

answer

False

question

The acronym for the deep-ocean tsunami detection system is

answer

DART

question

The 2004 Sumatra tsunami was caused by a

answer

Subduction zone megathrust

question

About how long did it take for the 2004 Sumatra tsunami to first reach shore?

answer

20 minutes

question

The Earth's rupture that caused the 2004 Sumatra tsunami and earthquake was

answer

Longest ever recorded

question

The maximum height of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami was about

answer

100 feet

question

Which of the following disasters did not occur during the same tectonic boundary?

answer

1700 Orphan tsunami

question

Which one of the following countries had no casualties attributed to the 2004 Sumatra tsunami

answer

South Africa

question

A large number of vacationing Europeans were killed in this country as a result of the Sumatra tsunami

answer

Thailand

question

Which tsunami resulted in the greatest loss of life

answer

The 2004 Sumatra tsunami

question

The greatest loss of life from the 2004 Sumatra tsunami occurred where

answer

Northern Sumatra

question

Satellite data detected the 2004 Sumatra tsunami and warned coastal communities

answer

False

question

In what remote areas of the South Atlantic were Krakatau tsunami observed?

answer

Cape Horn and South Georgia

question

Written eyewitness accounts indicate that there was only one Krakatau tsunami

answer

False

question

All the cities and villages were destroyed on this funnel-shaped bay to the north of Krakatau

answer

Lampong Bay

question

About how long did it take for the tsunami of Krakatau take to hit the surrounding shores between Java and Sumatra

answer

30 minutes

question

No coastline in the world is more at risk than that of

answer

Sumatra and Java

question

Which of the following shorelines is less likely to experience a tsunami

answer

Gulf of Mexico

question

The eruption of Tambora created larger tsunami than that of Krakatau

answer

False

question

None of those aboard ships in the Sunda Strait survived the Krakatau tsunami

answer

False

question

The Krakatau tsunami were strong enough to destroy lighthouses

answer

True

question

The Krakatau tsunami were created by

answer

Pyroclastic flows into the ocean and caldera collapse

question

The Krakatau tsunami reached a maximum of how high above normal sea level?

answer

More than 100 feet

question

The farthest that the Krakatau tsunami could be detected in the Atlantic was

answer

The English Channel

question

Geography restricted the spread of the Krakatau tsunami east into the

answer

Java Sea

question

Today the capital of Indonesia is called Jakarta. What was the name of Jakarta when Krakatu erupted

answer

Batavia

question

What twp \"Case Studies\" involved earthquakes that caused large tsunami?

answer

Santorini and Krakatau volcanic eruptions

question

The tsunami of Krakatau traveled father around the world than the pressure wave from its most powerful eruption

answer

False

question

The tsunami from Krakatau were felt more strongly in which of the following regions

answer

Eastern Sumatra and Western Java

question

The greatest loss of life from Krakatau tsunami was along the shoreline bordering

answer

The Sunda Strait

question

Which volcano formed a caldera that created a tsunami

answer

Santorini

question

The immediate tsunami death toll on the shorelines near Krakatau was estimated as

answer

30,000 to 40,000

question

Once a tsunami crosses the entire Pacific it seldom has a height of more than 5 meters

answer

True

question

Studies now indicate a recurrence interval for large Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes of

answer

400-500 years

question

Trees in the Pacific Northwest add ______ rings per year, and are dormant between the months of _________.

answer

two, August and May

question

There are no subduction zones offshore Japan that might create a tsunami generating earthquake

answer

False

question

The best tree ring estimate of the 1700 Cascadian earthquake was from

answer

a Sitka Spruce root

question

Shoreline evidence for past tsunami along Cascadia includes

answer

All of these

question

A published anthology of Japanese earthquakes recorded from 416 AD to 1872 AD includes about how many earthquakes

answer

greater than 45,000

question

During a subduction zone earthquake, the leading edge of the overriding plate is released to ________ while near the shoreline that land ___________:

answer

Springs up, sinks or subsides

question

Most Japanese tsunami originate from earthquakes

answer

Just offshore Japan

question

The data range of the Cascadian earthquake provided by tree ring evidence overlaps the __________ date of the Orphan tsunami, suggesting it was the parent of the tsunami:

answer

January 26th

question

The Pacific Northwest is also under risk from volcano hazards

answer

True

question

Tree ring dating shows that the sunken ghost forests died when

answer

After the 1699 growing season and before the 1700 growing season

question

Cascadia refers to what region of the united states?

answer

The Pacific Northwest that is east of the Juan de Fuca plate

question

Historical records from South America include no reference to a large earthquake along the South Amercican coast during 1700 AD

answer

True

question

A tsunami with no known point of origin is known as:

answer

An orphan tsunami

question

Computer modeling of the Cascadia tsunami requires that it was what magnitude for it to have caused the Japanese Orphan tsunami?

answer

8.7-9.2

question

The height range of the Japanese Orphan tsunami was about how much

answer

2-5 meters

question

What type of plate boundary is offshore the Washington, Oregon, and northern California?

answer

a subduction zone

question

The Cascadian earthquake that caused the Orphan Tsunami occurred after permanent settlement of the region by people of European descent

answer

False

question

The 1700 Orphan tsunami in Japan had a similar height as another created when and where

answer

Chile, 1960

question

Fortunately, there are no significant Cascadia coastal population centers that might be impacted of another tsunami of the magnitude of Orphan Tsunami

answer

False

question

The vertical distance between a wave crest and trough is called

answer

Wave height

question

The vast majority of tsunami are created by

answer

large earthquakes at subduction zone plate boundaries

question

Wave frequency is usually expressed as

answer

wave crests/time interval

question

Sometimes the first portion of a tsunami to wash ashore is the trough of the wave

answer

True

question

The height of water behind a tsunami coming ashore rapidly declines because of the short wavelength of tsunami

answer

False

question

The maximum speed of tsunami propagation through the deep ocean basins is closet to

answer

750 km/hour

question

A database of 1691 models of tsunami propagation are held by this group to help forecast tsunami arrival times

answer

NOAA Center for Tsunami research

question

The majority of all recorded tsunami occurred in this ocean bath

answer

Pacific

question

What is the usual height of a large tsunami in the open ocean (beyond the continental shelf)?

answer

less than one meter

question

Fortunately, most subduction zone plate boundary earthquakes are far from shorelines, allowing many hours for safe evacuation

answer

False

question

The largest loss of life ever experienced by a tsunami was caused by the

answer

2004 Sumatra tsunami

question

Flank collapses of these Pacific islands have created large ancient tsunami

answer

Hawaiian Islands

question

Wave steepness is a function of wave height divided by

answer

Wavelength

question

Tsunami generally have multiple crests but the first crest is always the highest

answer

False

question

Tsunami speed decreases as water depth shallows

answer

True

question

Waves transmit ____________ and not ____________ through the ocean

answer

energy, mass

question

The deadliest known tsunami in the Mediterranean was caused by

answer

the volcanic eruption of Santorini

question

Earthquakes with epicenters on land do not cause tsunami

answer

True

question

The wavelength of tsunami are generally in what range

answer

more than 100 km

question

Tsunami is of _________ derivation and means _________

answer

Japanese, harbor wave

question

Tsunami are considered \"shallow-water\" waves because

answer

the entire water column moves as a tsunami passes

question

Tsunami slow down so much in shallow water that almost all people can outrun them as they wash ashore

answer

False

question

This island in the Atlantic s considered by some scientists as a threat to potentially create a large tsunami by the collapse of the island flank into the ocean

answer

La Palma

question

There is geologic evidence that an asteroid impact once caused a tsunami in the Gulf of Mexico

answer

True

question

The base of wave-driven waves is the depth where

answer

Water no longer moves in response to a passing wave

question

United States Geological Survey

answer

which government agency if responsible for monitoring volcanoes deemed a risk to the public:

question

true

answer

volcanic hazard maps are necessary before a volcanic risk assessment can be completed

question

false

answer

the atlantic has a greater concentration of active volcanoes than the pacific

question

forest management

answer

which of the following is not of form of volcanic risk mitigation

question

all three named location

answer

the United States Geological Survey maintains a volcanic observatory(s) for:

question

all of these

answer

which of the following is a factor in evaluating volcanic risk

question

false

answer

researchers have found the behavior of individual volcanoes is less constant than the behavior between volcanoes

question

true

answer

earthquake swarms are often, but not always, precursors to an eruption

question

true

answer

the history of volcanic activity for a specific volcano is important to assessment of its volcanic risk

question

changes in the composition of rocks

answer

which of the following is not monitored to detect the possibility of new activity by a volcano?

question

Carbon Dioxide is odorless and denser than air, causing it to hug the ground:

answer

true

question

An even larger quantity of gas than in Lake Nyos occurs in this lake of the African Rift Valley between Rwanda and Zaire:

answer

Lake Kiva

question

The massive and rapid release of gas from Lake Nyos was caused by:

answer

a disruption to the stratification of the lake.

question

Lake Nyos is occupied what type of volcanic feature?

answer

Marr

question

Lake Nyos and Monoun expelled large quantities of this gas, killing large numbers of people:

answer

carbon dioxide

question

Lake Nyos is in this African country:

answer

Cameroon

question

Gradual mediation of limnic lakes can be achieved by:

answer

venting deep gas through a pipe

question

Limnic explosions are rare and generally confined to:

answer

tropical lakes in volcanic regions

question

The carbon dioxide in the limnic lake bottoms of Lakes Nyos and Monoun were implaced by:

answer

groundwater saturated from a magmatic source beneath the lake.

question

Local myths, folklore, and oral traditions are potential indicators of lakes capable of limnic explosions:

answer

true

question

Nevado del Ruiz had no previous history of causing lahars

answer

False

question

What kind of volcano is Nevado del Ruiz?

answer

Stratovolcano

question

Volcanoes of what volcanic explosive index can generate lahars?

answer

any

question

Lahars are seldom a danger when tens of kilometers from a volcano

answer

False

question

What volcanic hazard from Nevado del Ruiz was responsible for the loss of life in the village of Armero

answer

A lahar

question

There had been no recent volcanic or seismic activity on Nevado del Ruiz in the months prior to the deadly November 13, 1985 eruption:

answer

False

question

Most of those who died in Armero, Columbia, did so from

answer

Crushing injuries and burial

question

Unfortunately, a volcanic hazards map was not finished prior to the Nevado del Ruiz disaster:

answer

False

question

The Columbian government had no knowledge of the danger of Nevado del Ruiz to surrounding communities:

answer

False

question

How does the loss of life from the Nevado del Ruiz lahar rank in terms of twentieth century volcanic distasters

answer

Second only to St. Pierre, Martinique

question

Local officials in Armero were partially at fault for a lack of evacuation

answer

True

question

The City of Armero was built on

answer

The floodplain of a river draining from Nevado del Ruiz

question

What was the source of water to the Nevado del Ruiz lahar?

answer

An ice cap

question

Do you believe that most large stratovolcanoes in the temperate to high latitudes have permanent snow and/or ice caps?

answer

Yes

question

Nevado del Ruiz is located in the ________ mountains in the country of ________.

answer

Andes, Columbia

question

Which of the following was to blame for the great loss of life in Armero

answer

All of these

question

Why did people settle in the Lagunilla River Valley and Armero?

answer

All of these

question

Swift and efficient disaster response greatly reduced the loss of life in Armero, Columbia, in the days after the disaster

answer

False

question

Why wasn't the volcanic eruption of Nevado del Ruiz detected on the day of Armero's destruction?

answer

They knew it had erupted

question

What relationship does volcanism in the Andes have to plate tectonics?

answer

The Andes are above a subduction zone

question

The nuez ardente hit St. Pierre on May 8th, 1902, occurred at approximately what time of day

answer

8 am

question

The greatest twentieth century loss of life from a volcanic eruption was the eruption of

answer

Mt. Pelee

question

A subduction zone occurs to the ________ of Martinique where the ________ tectonic plate is subducted

answer

east, South American

question

All the islands of the Lesser Antilles are volcanic

answer

True

question

Most ships at anchor in the bay of St. Pierre also were destroyed by the eruption of Mt. Pelze

answer

True

question

Only one St. Pierre survivor lived long enough to tell of his ordeal. Where was he found?

answer

In his jail cell

question

There were no eruptions on Martinique during historic times, until the year St. Pierre was destroyed

answer

False

question

Because of its sturdy construction which of the following St. Pierre buildings survived the eruption intact?

answer

none of these survived intact

question

Martinique is a department of what country?

answer

France

question

When the shallow still in the Etand Sec eroded away a ________ was sent down the Rivizre Blanche to the sea

answer

lahar

question

In what year did an eruption of Mt. Pelze destroy the city of St. Pierre?

answer

1902

question

Prior to the eruption, the formation of a lake in the crater of Mt. Pelze was caused by

answer

rising magma pushed up groudwater

question

Today the principal crops of Martinique are

answer

sugar cane and bananas

question

Volcanic eruptions can be accompanied by electrical discharges in their ash clouds

answer

True

question

The entire island of Martinique is built almost entirely of

answer

coalesced pyroclastic flows

question

The process that buried the Gurrin rum and sugar factory also caused what to happen in St. Pierre?

answer

A small tsunami

question

Submarine cables were cut not long before the catastrophic eruption of Mt. Pelze and probably has nothing to do with the subsurface movement of magma

answer

False

question

Some weak nuze ardentes occurred prior to the deadly Mt. Pelze eruption but were not cause for most of the St. Pierre population to evacuate

answer

True

question

Martinique is on this tectonic plate

answer

Caribbean

question

Today St. Pierre, Martinique, is uninhabited

answer

False

question

What destroyed the plantation and guerin sugar and rum factory on the Riviere Balnche?

answer

A lahar

question

The village of Prcheur, on the coast, was cutoff from the rest of Martinique by

answer

Lahars and pyroclastic flows

question

What kind of volcano is Mt. Pelee?

answer

Stratovolcano

question

The French use the term Peleean cloud for cloud for the type of glowing, destructive, hot avalanche of gas and ash inundated St. Pierre

answer

Nuee Ardente

question

The mayor and governor advised the population to evacuate St. Pierre

answer

False

question

The Etang Sec on Mt. Pelee was where the deadly pyroclastic flows originated from. What geologic feature was the Etang Sec?

answer

a caldera from an older eruption

question

Martinique is an island in the

answer

Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles

question

Sporadic eruptions of Mt. Pelee continued for decades after the destruction of St. Pierre

answer

True

question

The Needle of Pelee was a tall and slender

answer

volcanic dome formed by very viscous lava pushed up though the vent

question

The walls of most buildings in St. Pierre are composed of what type of material

answer

volcanic rocks

question

This new volcano has grown from the submarine caldera of Krakatau

answer

Anark Krakatau

question

An eruption of the ancestor to the 19th century Krakatau may have been responsible for global climate impacts noted aout 535 AD

answer

True

question

The largest eruption of Krakatau were measured as pressure spikes on the gasometer of this city

answer

Batavia

question

An even larger volcano, Ancient Krakatau, may have occupied the site of Krakatau before it also destroyed itself

answer

True

question

Dutch controller Willem Beyerinck and his family were almost killed by tsunami and pyroclastic flows

answer

True

question

Krakatau occupies these important straits, one of the busiest channels of commercial navigation since commerce began on the sea

answer

Sunda Straits

question

When was the deadly eruption of Krakatau

answer

1883

question

What famous ocean explorer visited Krakatau more than once before its catastrophic eruption

answer

Captain James Cook

question

After the eruption of Krakatau, all that was left of the volcano were small islands surronding a

answer

submarine caldera

question

The sound created by this eruption of this volcano was the loudest noise ever heard in historical times

answer

Krakatau

question

The Krakatau pyroclastic flows over water were cushioned by a layer of

answer

steam

question

The majority of deaths during the eruption of Krakatau were caused by

answer

tsunami

question

Batavia (now Jakarta) and Krakatau was under the administration of what country at the time of Krakatau's cataclysmic eruption

answer

Netherlands

question

Krakatau volcanism is caused by subduction into this nearby trench

answer

Sunda

question

Why is the eruption of Krakatau considered the first natural disaster of the modern era?

answer

it was the first to be followed by a global news distribution network

question

Most of the European witnesses to the pre-, syn-, and post-eruption events of Krakatau were

answer

aboard offshore ships

question

Dense concentrations floating pumice are called

answer

pumice rafts

question

Pyroclastic surges traveled dozens of miles over water from Krakatau, some crossing the Sunda Straits

answer

True

question

Krakatau was the only volcano in Indonesia

answer

False

question

Krakatau is in what country

answer

Indonesia

Reflection Essay on GLY Topic 12

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