Global Impact of Infectous Disease – Flashcards

warefare - biological agents used on people to acheive a military objective

terrorism - to achieve civil disruption, panic, or to instigate a crime

1. economically reasonable
2. capable of reaching intended target
3. cause limited collateral damage
4. to result in death

1. siege of Kaffa - hurled infected bodies over wall
2. Romans poisoned wells
3. Pontiacs rebellion - French and Indian War - gave indians variola laden blankets(smallpox)

• banned the use of biological agents in war.
• However treaty was never ratified by U.S. or Japan

• JApan invaded China and developed a major biological weapons production and testing center.
• plague, anthrax, cholera
• tested thousands of POW's, Chinese citizens
• no crimes charged in exchange for BW data

• did testing of BW agents on navy ships in middle of atlantic.
• disseminated by Jets that would fly over
• 50% kill rate considered good

• renounced BW due to protest of use of chemicals in Vietnam.
• all offensive stocks of BW's gone by 1972

• banned all offensive stocks and programs for creating BW's
• termination of such programs
• Not effective: USSR continued assuming U.S. did as well.  Also no way to check to see if everyone was compying

• Soviet BW program that was umbrella'ed as a NGO.
• produced better BW's with more effective dispersal techniques

• huge BW facility that had 4500 workers.
• elaborate strains of every deadly agent out there

• Biopreparet - wanted to make a smallpox attack that much more effective
• had an extremely virulent strain produced taht would devastate the world with extremely efficient delivery systems

accident at Soviet production facility

accidently released anthrax spores to the public

• BW programs went with other countries( Iraq, Iran)
• funding cut
• only some of BW's accounted for

• spread shit on salad bars
• spread dysentary on muffins for coworkers
• Aryan Nation: if you arrest our guys you will get a test tube in the mail

• 11 inhalation- 5 died
• 12 cutaneous- 0 died
• 32,000 tested
• ;cost $6 billion

• unethical
• hard to transport
• difficult to control spread
• pandoras box

Overt- event announced, microorg identified

;

Covert - unannounced, patients randomly fall ill, agent unknown

• A,B,C
• based on transmission from human to human
• ease to disseminate
• ease of production
• severity of infection

• A - most severe, easy to disseminate, easy to produce, high transmission rate
• B - 2nd severe, moderate to disseminate, moderate morbidity, low mortality
• C - agents that could be engineered, easy to get and produce, potential for high mortality

• 155 million people susceptible to smallpox( under 38)
• antidotes available
• detection services -surveillance across nation
• quick diagnostic test

1. something in gay men
2. amyl nitrate
3. barage of STDs

• IV drug users and heterosexuals got the virus

WEst Africa

Blood supply was infected

• Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
• increased foreign aid to 15 countries for AIDS relief

• Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment
• don't spread HIV through sex when on this treatment plan

• Immune - WBC counts and helper T cells are killed off and body loses ability to fight off infections and viruses
• Nervous - infection can cross into brain and cause dementia, depression, slurred speach

1. shattered idea that ID's conquered
2. more open to homosexuality
3. science gained knowledge on T cells and viral infections can be treated
4. safe sex

• high health care cost overwhelming hospitals
• hindering education, killing teachers

• people unaware of having disease(asymptomatic)
• funding
• no education on it
• untruthful to partners
• denialism
• unwilling to get tested
• treatment cost
• no vaccine

• AZT off patent
• gates foundation
• UNAIDS
• Bono makes Jesse Helms cry
• treatable wiht HAART
• PEPFAR
• Global Fund

Spain, then taken over by France buccaneers

Western 1/3 then ceded to France in 1697

1791 to 1804

• unified Island and freed all slaves, became governor for life, Napoleon didnt like, Frances most profittable colony.
• French regain control and killed Loverture, but troops all died due to ID

;

1. took control of ports. Next to swamps with tons of malaria
2. burned cities therefore no medical supplies
3. French troops not exposed to ID's in HAiti at time

• racism
• too unstable, rulers constantly assassinated

• only supported Haiti when the rulers in power were to the liking of the US and good for their economic interests

• killed tourism and reduced foreign trade

• poltical will is needed to improve healthcare system infrastructure, education to improve workforce, and increase food source

• all imports to US are duty free
• hoping to jumpstart economy
• rice imports from US tax went down 32%- hurt haitian agriculture though

1. combining efforts of multiple organizations to one effort
2. develop healthcare infrastructure
3. scientific development - vaccines etc.
4. Religious, social, cultural considerations
5. legal protection of groups/ confidentiality