Geology Test 1 UARK (Anderson) – Flashcards
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Basalt
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Igneous rock that has rapid cooling
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Sulphur
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Nonsilicate mineral
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Pyroxene
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Mafic silicate mineral
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Granite
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The most dominant rock associated with our continents
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Potassium Feldspar
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Mineral that will form clay minerals as it weathers
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Composite Volcano
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Extrusive igneous feature associated with felsic, gaseous, material
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Dike
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Intrusive igneous feature that crosscuts through country rock
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Shield Volcano
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Extrusive igneous feature not particularly dangerous or explosive
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Laccolith
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Intrusive igneous feature that arches sedimentary rock
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Olivine
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First mineral to crystallize, according to Bowen's Reaction Series
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James Hutton was a scientist who developed the idea of _______ to explain the slow, steady changes responsible for shaping the Earth.
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Uniformitarianism
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Which type of volcanic hazard can decrease global temperatures?
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Volcanic Ash
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The Earth's internal heat engine causes hot rocks in the mantle to _____________, whereas colder rocks tend to _____________.
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expand and rise; contract and sink
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A typical rate of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean is ________.
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2 centimeters per year
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Earth is unique among terrestrial planets in that it________.
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-has liquid water at its surface -has an active system of (plate) tectonics -supports a biosphere
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Where are the majority of transform faults located?
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On the ocean floor offsetting segments of oceanic ridge
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Which of the following is not a geologic hazard?
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Poor construction materials cause a cracked foundation
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What mineral substance will most marine organisms produce?
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CaCO3
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What property of the crust allowed it to form as the exterior of Earth?
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Materials that make up the crust are less dense and rose to the top
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Define the tenacity of a mineral
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Resistance to breaking or deforming
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Which of the following elements is not abundant in the Earth's crust?
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uranium
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The Earth's lithosphere is comprised of the:
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crust and uppermost mantle***
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The three major classes of rock are known as:
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sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic
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Why will an iron-rich olivine have a higher density than a magnesium-rich olivine?
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Iron has a greater atomic mass than magnesium
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A ________ is a submarine volcano.
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Seamount
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A location where continental rifting is occurring today is ________.
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East African Rift Valley
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What texture would be the most common texture found in a batholith?
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Phaneritic
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Which type of convergence will result in a continental volcanic arc?
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Oceanic-Continental
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________ is a material's resistance to flowing.
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Viscosity
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________ is when iron particles in lavas align their magnetic fields with magnetic north, preserving a record of that pole's location at that moment in time.
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Paleomagnetism
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A ________ is a solid, naturally occurring, cohesive substance composed of minerals or mineral-like materials.
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Rock
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What is a 5 on Mohs scale of relative hardness?
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Apatite
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What best describes the role of volatiles in an ascending magma.
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Volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward
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Which mineral class makes up most igneous rocks?
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Silicates
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What is the charge of a single proton?
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+1
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Steno's Law refers to _____.
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the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral
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A(n) ___ is a tentative explanation, whereas a(n) ____ has survived extensive scrutiny over many years and is in all likelihood true.
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hypothesis; theory
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Which bond would you expect to find in halite (NaCl)?
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Ionic bonds
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Minerals such as biotite are dark because of their _______.
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iron content
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Igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks derived from igneous "parents" make up what percentage of the Earth's crust?
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95%
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An ion with a surplus of electrons is negatively charged.
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True
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Magma mixing can change the composition of a magma body.
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True
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Fumaroles are vents that emit volcanic fluids.
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False
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Earth's magnetic field drives plate tectonic motion.
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False
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The jigsaw fit of the continents was used by Wegener to support the continental drift hypothesis.
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True
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Mineral color is less reliable than streak color for mineral identification.
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True
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Sheet silicate structure will affect the cleavage properties of a mineral.
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True
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A mineral is solid, naturally occurring, and organic, with an orderly crystalline structure, and definite chemical composition.
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False
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The age of the sea floor can be used to measure the rate of plate motion.
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True
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The four spheres on Earth operate independently from each other.
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False
