Geology Study Guide
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What are the 2 types of IGNEOUS rocks?
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Intrusive & Extrusive
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What forces form METAMORPHIC rocks?
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Heat & Pressure
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What are the 2 types of Metamorphic rocks?
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Foliated & Non-Foliated
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What type of metamorphism forms "FOLIATED" rocks?
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Regional Metamorphism
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What type of metamorphism forms "NON-FOLIATED" rocks?
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Contact Metamorphism
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Are the crystals in an INTRUSIVE igneous rock large or small?
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Intrusive rocks have LARGE crystals
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Are the crystals in an EXTRUSIVE igneous rock large or small?
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Extrusive rocks have SMALL crystals
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What are the 3 types of SEDIMENTARY rocks?
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Clastic, Chemical and Organic
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What are Clastic Sedimentary Rocks?
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forms from pieces of other rock (EX: Sandstone, Conglomerate)
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What are Organic Sedimentary Rocks?
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forms from fossils of plants/animals (EX: Coquina, Coal)
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What are Chemical Sedimentary Rocks?
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forms from chemical precipitate (EX: rock salt)
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What forces form IGNEOUS rocks?
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"melting & cooling" of other rocks
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What was the first kind of rock on Earth?
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Igneous Rocks
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Why do INTRUSIVE igneous rocks have LARGE CRYSTALS?
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Because they cool slowly, so there is time for large crystals to go.
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What is an example of an INTRUSIVE igneous rock?
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Granite
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What is an example of an EXTRUSIVE igneous rock?
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Pumice
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What is an example of a FOLIATED metamorphic rock?
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Slate
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What is an example of a NON-FOLATED metamorphic rock?
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Quartzite
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What is an example of a CLASTIC sedimentary rock?
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Sandstone
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What is an example of an ORGANIC sedimentary rock?
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Coquina
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What tool is required for a "FRACTURE/CLEAVAGE" test?
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Hammer
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What tool is required for a "STREAK" test?
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Streak Plate
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What are the characteristics of all minerals?
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Naturally-occurring, inorganic, solid, definite crystalline structure, same chemical formula throughout
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What are some "properties" of minerals? (ways to tell them apart)
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Hardness, Streak, Color, Fracture/Cleavage, Luster
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What is "hardness"?
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a mineral's resistance to scratching
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What is "streak"?
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a mineral's color in powdered form
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What is cleavage/fracture?
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the way a mineral breaks (smooth planes=cleavage, jagged edges=fracture)
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What is the least reliable mineral property?
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color
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What is "luster"?
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the way a mineral reflects light (metallic luster looks like metal, non-metallic luster is broken into "earthy" and "dull")
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What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?
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Convergent, Divergent, and Transform
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What features do continental-continental CONVERGENT plate boundaries form?
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mountains & earthquakes (EX: Himalyas)
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What features do continental-oceanic CONVERGENT plate boundaries form?
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trenches & subduction zones, earthquakes & volcanoes (EX: Andes Mountains)
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What features do oceanic-oceanic CONVERGENT plate boundaries form?
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deep trenches (EX: Marianas) & island arc systems (EX: Aleutian Islands), has earthquakes and volcanoes
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What force causes a CONVERGENT plate boundary to form?
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COMPRESSION
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What force causes a DIVERGENT plate boundary to form?
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TENSION
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What features are found at a continental-continental DIVERGENT plate boundary?
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rifts, shallow earthquakes
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What features are found at a oceanic-oceanic DIVERGENT plate boundary?
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mid-ocean ridges, shallow earthquakes & volcanoes (EX: Mid-Atlantic Ocean)
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What features are found at TRANSFORM plate boundaries?
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lots of earthquakes—NO volcanoes (EX: San Andreas Fault Boundary, California)
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What force causes TRANSFORM plate boundaries?
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Torsion/Twisting
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What fault is most likely to form at a TRANSFORM plate boundary?
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Strike-Slip Fault
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What scale is used to measure Earthquakes?
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Richter Scale
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What instrument is used to measure Earthquakes?
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Seismograph
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What causes Earthquakes?
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pressure build-up & release
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What are "P-Waves"?
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can travel through both solids & liquids, moves by a pushing/pulsing motion, arrives "1st" (primary waves)
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What are "S-Waves"?
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ONLY travels through solids, moves by a shearing motion (up & down) and causes the most damage, arrives "second"
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What is the "Shadow Zone"?
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Area of earth opposite from an earthquake where S-Waves cannot reach
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How do scientists know what the interior of Earth looks like?
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Scientists use data from Earthquake waves as clues--like the Mystery Box
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What is the "epicenter"?
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the location on the surface of the Earth ABOVE the earthquake's source
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What is the "focus"?
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the location UNDER earth's surface where the earthquake actually happens
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Describe the "Inner Core".
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Solid, mostly iron, spinning. Even though it is so hot, it is solid because the pressure at the center of the Earth makes it solid
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Describe the "Outer Core".
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liquid: S-waves cannot move through them
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Describe the "Mantle".
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a liquidy-solid (plastic) where convection currents move plates
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Describe the "Crust".
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solid, thinnest part of earth, broken into oceanic (thin but dense, basalt) and continental (thick but light, granite)
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What is a "trench"?
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Found at subduction zones (convergent), one plate dives deep under another plate
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What is a volcano?
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a vent in Earth's crust that releases steam and lava
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What 3 locations are volcanoes found?
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Divergent Plate Boundaries, Convergent Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots
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Give an example of a "Hot Spot" volcano.
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Hawaii
