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The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals, because the extinction of many groups allowed mammals to greatly diversify. Early in the Cenozoic, following the K-Pg event, the planet was dominated by relatively small fauna, including small mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.

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Age of Mammals

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a small area or region with a relatively hot temperature in comparison to its surroundings.

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Hot Spots

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Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere

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Spheres

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"topsoil". This layer is made up of minerals and decomposed organic material and it is also very dark color. This is the layer that many plants roots grow in.

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A horizon

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the relatively thick part of the earth's crust that forms the large landmasses. It is generally older and more complex than the oceanic crust.

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Continental Crust

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the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time.

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Continental Drift

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when an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate usually rides up over the denser oceanic plate and pushes it down the mantle in a process called subduction.

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Convergent Boundary

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The outermost and thinnest zone of the earth.

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Crust

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frozen water part of the Earth system

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Cryosphere

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the degree of compactness of a substance.

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Density

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the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.

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Erosion

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The period of time covering the physical formation and development of Earth, especially the period prior to human history.

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Geologic Time

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any of the almost spherical concentric regions of matter that make up the earth and its atmosphere, as the lithosphere and hydrosphere.

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Geosphere

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a simple slow-growing plant that typically forms a low crustlike, leaflike, or branching growth on rocks, walls, and trees.

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Lichen

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noting or pertaining to an era occurring between 230 and 65 million years ago, characterized by the appearance of flowering plants and by the appearance and extinction of dinosaurs.

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Mesozoic Era

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type of rock which has been changed by extreme heat and pressure.

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Metamorphic Rock

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a large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level; a large steep hill.

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Mountains

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A geologic fault in which the hanging wall has moved downward relative to the footwall. Normal faults occur where two blocks of rock are pulled apart, as by tension.

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Normal Fault

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noting or pertaining to the earliest era of earth history, ending 570 million years ago, during which the earth's crust formed and life first appeared in the seas.

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Precambrian Era

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bedrock immediately underlying layers of soil.

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R horizon

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A major zone of fractures in the earth's crust extending along the coastline of California from the northwest part of the state to the Gulf of California. Movement of the tectonic plates along the fault has caused numerous tremors, including the devastating San Francisco earthquake of 1906.

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San Andreas Fault

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to displace part of the volume of a supporting substance or object and become totally or partially submerged or enveloped; fall or descend into or below the surface or to the bottom

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Sink

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the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate.

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Subduction

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the term "tension" refers to a stress which stretches rocks in two opposite directions. The rocks become longer in a lateral direction and thinner in a vertical direction. One important result of tensile stress is jointing in rocks.

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Tension Stress

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a loose granular substance, typically pale yellowish brown, resulting from the erosion of siliceous and other rocks and forming a major constituent of beaches, riverbeds, the seabed, and deserts.

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Sand

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from 405 million to 345 million years ago; preponderance of fishes and appearance of amphibians and ammonites

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Age of Fishes

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a long, seismically active submarine ridge system situated in the middle of an ocean basin and marking the site of the upwelling of magma associated with seafloor spreading. An example is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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Mid-Ocean ridges

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the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other planets) occupied by living organisms.

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Biosphere

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May or may not be here(zone of leaching)

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E Horizon

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the relatively thin part of the earth's crust that underlies the ocean basins. It is geologically young compared with the continental crust and consists of basaltic rock overlain by sediments.

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Oceanic Crust

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a theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle.

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Plate tectonics

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a fault in which rock strata are displaced mainly in a horizontal direction, parallel to the line of the fault.

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Slip-strike fault

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Earth's innermost part and according to seismological studies, it is a primarily solid ball with a radius of about 1220 kilometers, or 760 miles

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Inner core

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A thin spherical envelope of gases surrounding the earth's surface.

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Atmosphere

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the science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it.

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Geology

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A steep slope or precipice rising at the head of a valley or glacial cirque.

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Headwall

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the organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms.

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Humus

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the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur.

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Asthenosphere

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the stress that results from the shortening in one dimension of an elastic body due to oppositely directed collinear forces tending to crush it

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Compression Stress

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noting or pertaining to the present era, beginning 65 million years ago and characterized by the ascendancy of mammals.

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Cenozoic Era

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Made of sediments- dead plant and animal remains and existing rocks that are weathered and eroded into tiny particles. Types of rock that are formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate or minerals to precipitate from a solution.

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Sedimentary Rock

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a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust.

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Volcanoes

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a geological fault in which the hanging wall appears to have been pushed up along the footwall

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Reverse Fault

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The Phanerozoic Eon is the current eon in Earth's history. The Phanerozoic began 542 million years ago with the Cambrian Explosion and continues to the present. The eon comprising the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras.

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Phanerozoic Eon

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The thin, rich layer of soil where most nutrients for plants are found.

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Topsoil

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the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form.

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Parent material

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a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.

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Reservoir

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hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this.

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Lava

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unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction. When the forces are aligned into each other, they are called compression forces.

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Shear forces

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fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment, especially in a channel or harbor.

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Silt

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Pangaea is a hypothetical supercontinent that included all current land masses, believed to have been in existence before the continents broke apart during the Triassic and Jurassic Periods.

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Pangea

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German geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift (1880-1930) [the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time.]

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Alfred Wegener

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the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

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Lithosphere

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the layer of a soil profile immediately below the B horizon and above the bedrock, composed of weathered rock little affected by soil-forming processes(parent material)

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C horizon

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When oceanic plates move apart from one another molten rock, or magma, flows up through the resulting cracks.

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Divergent Boundary

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the transfer of heat by the mass movement of heated particles into an area of cooler fluid.

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Convection currents

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a strike-slip fault occurring at the boundary between two plates of the earth's crust.

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Transform fault

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liquid layer about 2,300 km (1,400 mi) thick and composed of iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle.

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Outer Core

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The region of the interior of the Earth between the core (on its inner surface) and the crust (on its outer). Note: The mantle is more than two thousand miles thick and accounts for more than three-quarters of the volume of the Earth.

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Mantle

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the formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occurs through the upwelling of magma at midocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side.

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Sea Floor spreading

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the block of rock that lies on the underside of an inclined fault or of a mineral deposit.

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Footwall

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ORGANIC. soil layers with a high percentage of organic matter.

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O horizon

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all the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth's surface, such as clouds.

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Hydrosphere

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hard, solid rock beneath surface materials such as soil and gravel. Bedrock also underlies sand and other sediments on the ocean floor. Bedrock is consolidated rock, meaning it is solid and tightly bound. Overlying material is often unconsolidated rock, which is made up of loose particles.

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Bedrock

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It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, and is subdivided into six geologic periods (from oldest to youngest): the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. The Paleozoic comes after the Neoproterozoic Era of the Proterozoic Eon, and is followed by the Mesozoic Era.

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Paleozoic Era

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the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock.

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Fossils

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a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance.

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Tsunami

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Forms below or on the earth's upper

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Igneous Rock

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Of, relating to, or being the era of geologic time from about 251 to 66 million years ago. The Mesozoic Era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods and is characterized by the development of flying reptiles, birds, and flowering plants and by the appearance and extinction of dinosaurs.

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Age of Dinosaurs

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trash, such as paper, cans, and bottles, that is left lying in an open or public place.

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Litter

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wear away or change the appearance or texture of (something) by long exposure to the air.

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Weathering

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bend

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Flex

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hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed by cooling.

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Magma

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a stiff, sticky fine-grained earth, typically yellow, red, or bluish-gray in color and often forming an impermeable layer in the soil. It can be molded when wet, and is dried and baked to make bricks, pottery, and ceramics.

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Clay

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