Geography Chapter 4 Objectives – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
temperature is the average kinetic energy in the molecules of a substance while heat is the collision of those kinetic energy molecules based on the temperature
answer
what is the difference between heat and temperature
question
energy that transfers from one object or substance to another because of a difference in temperature
answer
heat
question
the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance
answer
temperature
question
internal temperature of the molecules and the higher the temperature
answer
the more vigorous the jiggling of kinetic molecules the greater the
question
a hot day
answer
kinetic molecules move fastest on what kind of day
question
energy given off by the sun
answer
electromagnetic radiation
question
any lengths
answer
electromagnetic waves can be what lengths
question
visible light, microwaves, xrays, and radio waves
answer
what are some examples of forms of electromagnetic radiation
question
when high levels of nuclear fusion cause a high amount of electromagnetic radiation to come off the sun
answer
sun spots
question
332 w/m2
answer
how much long wave radiation reaches the earth on average
question
it is filtered out in the spheres
answer
short wave radiation does not reach the earth's surface because
question
5778 k to 287 k
answer
what is the ratio of the sun to the earth
question
blue light
answer
does blue light or red light have a smaller wavelength
question
.4 micrometers
answer
what is the wavelength of blue light
question
the reflectivity of a surface
answer
albido
question
higher because light is reflected off of white surfaces
answer
a person wearing a white shirt has what type of albido
question
lower because dark surfaces absorb light rather than reflect it
answer
a person wearing a black shirt has what type of albido
question
narrow
answer
what is the size of the band of visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum
question
wavelengths of radiation to which the human eyes is sensitive
answer
visible light
question
red
answer
what color represents the longest wavelength the human eye can see
question
violet
answer
which color is the shortest wavelength humans can see
question
47 percent
answer
how much of the total energy of the sun arrives as visible light
question
wavelengths of radiation just shorter than the human eye can sense
answer
ultraviolet radiation
question
the sun
answer
what is a prominent natural source of ultraviolet rays
question
the top of the atmosphere
answer
solar radiation reaching where contains a considerable amount of the total energy coming from the sun
question
the ozone layer
answer
much of ultraviolet radiation from the sun is absorbed by which layer of the atmosphere
question
because they are absorbed by the ozone layer
answer
why do the shortest ultraviolet rays not reach the surface of the earth, where they could do considerable damage to living organisms
question
wavelengths of radiation just longer than the human eye can sense
answer
infrared radiation
question
thermal infrared
answer
radiation emitted by earth is entirely
question
long wavelengths emitted by the sun
answer
thermal infrared
question
visible light, ultraviolet and short infrared radiation
answer
solar radiation is almost completely in the form of
question
shortwave radiation
answer
as a group visible light, ultraviolet and short infrared radiation are called what
question
terrestrial radiation
answer
what is another term for radiation emitted by the earth
question
longwave radiation from thermal infrared
answer
radiation emitted by the earth is almost completely in the form of
question
the boundary at 4 micrometers
answer
what separates short wave and long wave radiation on the spectrum
question
incoming solar radiation
answer
insolation
question
constant, although it may vary slightly with fluctuations in the suns temperature
answer
the total insolation received at the top of the atmosphere is believed to be what when averaged over a year
question
some of it is reflected and lost back in space and the rest passes through the atmosphere and is transformed either before or after reaching earths surface
answer
what are the two things that happen to insolation when it enters the atmosphere
question
emission
answer
what is another word for radiation
question
freeze
answer
we need greenhouse gases or the world would
question
the process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted from an object
answer
radiation
question
cooler objects
answer
hotter objects are more intense radiators than
question
because it is much hotter than earth and hotter things emit more energy
answer
why does the sun emit about two billion times more energy than earth
question
shorter the wavelengths
answer
the hotter the object the
question
longer the wavelengths
answer
the cooler the object the
question
short wave radiation
answer
the sun radiates more what than the earth
question
a body that emits the maximum possible amount of radiation at all wavelengths
answer
blackbody radiator
question
objects at the same temperature can vary in their radiating efficiency
answer
temperature is not the only control of radiation because
question
the sun and the earth because they radiate with almost 100 percent efficiency for their respective temperatures
answer
what two things are considered blackbodies
question
the atmosphere
answer
what is not considered a blackbody
question
electromagnetic waves striking an object is assimilated by that object
answer
absorption
question
vibration by the frequency of the incoming electromagnetic waves
answer
when electromagnetic waves strike a material the electrons in atoms and molecules may be forced into
question
frequency
answer
short wave lengths arrive with higher what than long waves
question
an increase in the internal energy of the absorbing material that leads to an increase in temperature
answer
the increased vibrations caused by short wavelengths entering material causes
question
Absorber
answer
An object that is a good radiator is also a good
question
Snow and ice
answer
What are some examples of poor absorbers
question
Rock and soil and minerals
answer
What are some examples of excellent absorbers
question
Visible light
answer
Dark colored materials absorb efficiently in which part of the spectrum
question
Carbon dioxide and water vapor
answer
Which chemicals are good absorbers of longwave radiation
question
Nitrogen
answer
Which chemical is not a good absorber of long wave radiation
question
When incoming solar radiation is not absorbed so an object repels them
answer
Reflection
question
Absorber
answer
An object that is a good reflector is not a good
question
Unmelted snow on a sunny day because it's white surface reflects the heat from the sun rather than absorbing it
answer
What is an example of a good absorber not being a good reflector
question
The overall reflectivity of an object or surface
answer
Albedo
question
Radiation reflected
answer
The higher the albedo the greater amount of
question
Albedo
answer
Dark surfaces have a low
question
Albedo
answer
Light surfaces have a high
question
When electromagnetic waves pass completely through a medium
answer
Transmission
question
Earth materials such as soil and rock where light is absorbed at the surface but not penetrated
answer
What is a bad transmitter on earth
question
Water
answer
What is a good transmitter on earth
question
The wavelength of radiation
answer
The transmission ability of a medium generally depends on
question
Shortwave radiation
answer
Glass has a high transmission for
question
Shortwave radiation transmits through the glass and is absorbed by the material of the seats therefore increasing the temperature
answer
Why is a car left in the sun very hot inside
question
Scattering is random while reflection happens at the same angle
answer
How is scattering different than reflection
question
water vapor and carbon dioxide
answer
what are the two most important greenhouse gases
question
when short wave radiation is transmitted through the atmosphere to earths surface it is absorbed and the longwave radiation emitted by earths surface is inhibited from transmitting back through the atmosphere by greenhouse gases so it is radiated back toward the surface
answer
greenhouse effect
question
transparent
answer
the atmosphere is what to short wave radiation
question
satellites
answer
how do we measure greenhouse gases
question
In convection molecules physically move away from the heat source and they do not in conduction
answer
what is the difference between conduction and convention
question
the transfer of heat from one molecule to another without changes in their relative positions
answer
conduction
question
earths solid surfaces
answer
what are examples of things that use conduction of energy
question
conduction
answer
if one object is cooler than another object and they collide, the hotter object transfers kinetic energy to the cooler object. what is this called
question
it takes a metal brand a long time to heat up but once it heats up it takes a long time to cool back down
answer
what is an example of conduction
question
Energy is transferred from one point to another by the circulation of fluid
answer
convection
question
A radiator has circular movement of warm and cool air
answer
What is an example of connection in a house
question
Summer
answer
Convection in the atmosphere is common during which season
question
The horizontal movement of energy transfer
answer
Advection
question
Warm air rises to low pressure, cool air comes in from the sides, and the air above sinks down to replace it
answer
What is the pattern of air movement within a convection cell
question
Wind transfers cool or warm water horizontally from place to place
answer
Advection in the atmosphere
question
As air rises and expands the molecules spread through a greater volume of space. The work done reduces kinetic energy and thus reduces the temperature
answer
Expansion from adiabatic cooling
question
The decent of air causes compression due to increased pressure. The work done by the molecules increases their kinetic energy and thus increases their temperature
answer
Compression from adiabatic warming
question
increases
answer
When air descends it's temperature
question
decreases
answer
when air ascends it's temperature
question
when the physical state of water in the atmosphere changes
answer
latent heat
question
evaporation and condensation
answer
what are the two most common phase changes of latent heat
question
when water vapor is converted to liquid water
answer
condensation
question
680
answer
how many calories does it take to convert from a solid to a gas
question
80 calories
answer
how many calories does it take to convert from a solid to a liquid
question
phasing to a water vapor
answer
which phase of the physical state of water takes the most energy
question
31 percent
answer
approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is reflected and scattered away from earth
question
45 percent
answer
approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is transmitted through the atmosphere and is absorbed by the surface
question
the troposphere is in constant motion because the atmosphere is warmed from below
answer
how is the troposphere warmed by the sun
question
the suns rays hit the earth at an angle of 90 degrees when the sun is directly overhead and an angle of less than 90 degrees when it is lower in the sky
answer
angle of incidence
question
0 degrees
answer
at sunrise or sunset the angle of incidence is what
question
the angle at which solar radiation strikes earth, the influence of the atmosphere on the radiation transmitted to the surface, and seasonal variations in day length
answer
what are the reasons for unequal warming of the earth
question
the specific heat of water is five time greater than the specific heat of land, so it must absorb five times the amount of energy to show the same temperature increase as land
answer
how does the specific heat of a substance influence its rate of warming
question
specific heat
answer
water has a higher what than land
question
the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius
answer
specific heat
question
specific heat, transmission, mobility, and evaporative cooling
answer
why does land warm faster and to a greater extent than water
question
because sun rays penetrate water more deeply than they do land
answer
why does transmission make water cooler than land
question
water is turbulent so cool and warm water are mixed together whereas land is immobile so heat is not as widely dispersed
answer
how does mobility make water cooler than land
question
conduction
answer
land warms via
question
convection
answer
water warms via
question
warm and cool water being mixed via turbulance
answer
how is convection used in the ocean
question
because there is an unlimited availability of water on the ocean surface, evaporation is much more prevalent than on the land surface and the latent heat needed for this evaporation is drawn from the water, taking away its kinetic energy and decreasing the temperature
answer
how does evaporative cooling make water cooler than land
question
cools down and heats up
answer
land does what more rapidly than water
question
atmospheric and oceanic circulation
answer
what are the two dominant mechanisms of energy transfer around the world
question
cool temperature
answer
what is the relative temperature of the ocean current flowing along the west coast of a continent in the mid altitudes
question
warm temperature
answer
what is the relative temperature of the ocean current flowing along the east coast of a continent in the mid altitudes
question
enormous loops elongated east-west and centered 30 degrees of latitude
answer
subtropical gyres
question
counter clockwise
answer
subtropical gyres flow which direction in the southern hemisphere
question
clockwise
answer
subtropical gyres flow which direction in the northern hemisphere
question
heat
answer
ocean circulation is the primary distribution of
question
cold deep ocean water that rises to the surface where wind patterns deflect surface water away from the coast
answer
upwelling
question
the observed trend in vertical temperature change in the atmosphere
answer
environmental lapse rate
question
65 degrees celsius per 1000 meters
answer
what is the average lapse rate in the troposphere
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New