Geography Chapter 4 Objectives – Flashcards
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temperature is the average kinetic energy in the molecules of a substance while heat is the collision of those kinetic energy molecules based on the temperature
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what is the difference between heat and temperature
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energy that transfers from one object or substance to another because of a difference in temperature
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heat
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the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance
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temperature
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internal temperature of the molecules and the higher the temperature
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the more vigorous the jiggling of kinetic molecules the greater the
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a hot day
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kinetic molecules move fastest on what kind of day
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energy given off by the sun
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electromagnetic radiation
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any lengths
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electromagnetic waves can be what lengths
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visible light, microwaves, xrays, and radio waves
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what are some examples of forms of electromagnetic radiation
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when high levels of nuclear fusion cause a high amount of electromagnetic radiation to come off the sun
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sun spots
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332 w/m2
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how much long wave radiation reaches the earth on average
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it is filtered out in the spheres
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short wave radiation does not reach the earth's surface because
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5778 k to 287 k
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what is the ratio of the sun to the earth
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blue light
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does blue light or red light have a smaller wavelength
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.4 micrometers
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what is the wavelength of blue light
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the reflectivity of a surface
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albido
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higher because light is reflected off of white surfaces
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a person wearing a white shirt has what type of albido
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lower because dark surfaces absorb light rather than reflect it
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a person wearing a black shirt has what type of albido
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narrow
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what is the size of the band of visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum
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wavelengths of radiation to which the human eyes is sensitive
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visible light
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red
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what color represents the longest wavelength the human eye can see
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violet
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which color is the shortest wavelength humans can see
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47 percent
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how much of the total energy of the sun arrives as visible light
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wavelengths of radiation just shorter than the human eye can sense
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ultraviolet radiation
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the sun
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what is a prominent natural source of ultraviolet rays
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the top of the atmosphere
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solar radiation reaching where contains a considerable amount of the total energy coming from the sun
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the ozone layer
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much of ultraviolet radiation from the sun is absorbed by which layer of the atmosphere
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because they are absorbed by the ozone layer
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why do the shortest ultraviolet rays not reach the surface of the earth, where they could do considerable damage to living organisms
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wavelengths of radiation just longer than the human eye can sense
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infrared radiation
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thermal infrared
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radiation emitted by earth is entirely
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long wavelengths emitted by the sun
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thermal infrared
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visible light, ultraviolet and short infrared radiation
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solar radiation is almost completely in the form of
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shortwave radiation
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as a group visible light, ultraviolet and short infrared radiation are called what
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terrestrial radiation
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what is another term for radiation emitted by the earth
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longwave radiation from thermal infrared
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radiation emitted by the earth is almost completely in the form of
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the boundary at 4 micrometers
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what separates short wave and long wave radiation on the spectrum
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incoming solar radiation
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insolation
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constant, although it may vary slightly with fluctuations in the suns temperature
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the total insolation received at the top of the atmosphere is believed to be what when averaged over a year
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some of it is reflected and lost back in space and the rest passes through the atmosphere and is transformed either before or after reaching earths surface
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what are the two things that happen to insolation when it enters the atmosphere
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emission
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what is another word for radiation
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freeze
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we need greenhouse gases or the world would
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the process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted from an object
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radiation
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cooler objects
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hotter objects are more intense radiators than
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because it is much hotter than earth and hotter things emit more energy
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why does the sun emit about two billion times more energy than earth
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shorter the wavelengths
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the hotter the object the
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longer the wavelengths
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the cooler the object the
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short wave radiation
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the sun radiates more what than the earth
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a body that emits the maximum possible amount of radiation at all wavelengths
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blackbody radiator
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objects at the same temperature can vary in their radiating efficiency
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temperature is not the only control of radiation because
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the sun and the earth because they radiate with almost 100 percent efficiency for their respective temperatures
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what two things are considered blackbodies
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the atmosphere
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what is not considered a blackbody
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electromagnetic waves striking an object is assimilated by that object
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absorption
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vibration by the frequency of the incoming electromagnetic waves
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when electromagnetic waves strike a material the electrons in atoms and molecules may be forced into
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frequency
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short wave lengths arrive with higher what than long waves
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an increase in the internal energy of the absorbing material that leads to an increase in temperature
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the increased vibrations caused by short wavelengths entering material causes
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Absorber
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An object that is a good radiator is also a good
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Snow and ice
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What are some examples of poor absorbers
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Rock and soil and minerals
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What are some examples of excellent absorbers
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Visible light
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Dark colored materials absorb efficiently in which part of the spectrum
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Carbon dioxide and water vapor
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Which chemicals are good absorbers of longwave radiation
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Nitrogen
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Which chemical is not a good absorber of long wave radiation
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When incoming solar radiation is not absorbed so an object repels them
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Reflection
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Absorber
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An object that is a good reflector is not a good
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Unmelted snow on a sunny day because it's white surface reflects the heat from the sun rather than absorbing it
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What is an example of a good absorber not being a good reflector
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The overall reflectivity of an object or surface
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Albedo
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Radiation reflected
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The higher the albedo the greater amount of
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Albedo
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Dark surfaces have a low
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Albedo
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Light surfaces have a high
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When electromagnetic waves pass completely through a medium
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Transmission
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Earth materials such as soil and rock where light is absorbed at the surface but not penetrated
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What is a bad transmitter on earth
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Water
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What is a good transmitter on earth
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The wavelength of radiation
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The transmission ability of a medium generally depends on
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Shortwave radiation
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Glass has a high transmission for
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Shortwave radiation transmits through the glass and is absorbed by the material of the seats therefore increasing the temperature
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Why is a car left in the sun very hot inside
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Scattering is random while reflection happens at the same angle
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How is scattering different than reflection
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water vapor and carbon dioxide
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what are the two most important greenhouse gases
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when short wave radiation is transmitted through the atmosphere to earths surface it is absorbed and the longwave radiation emitted by earths surface is inhibited from transmitting back through the atmosphere by greenhouse gases so it is radiated back toward the surface
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greenhouse effect
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transparent
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the atmosphere is what to short wave radiation
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satellites
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how do we measure greenhouse gases
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In convection molecules physically move away from the heat source and they do not in conduction
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what is the difference between conduction and convention
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the transfer of heat from one molecule to another without changes in their relative positions
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conduction
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earths solid surfaces
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what are examples of things that use conduction of energy
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conduction
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if one object is cooler than another object and they collide, the hotter object transfers kinetic energy to the cooler object. what is this called
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it takes a metal brand a long time to heat up but once it heats up it takes a long time to cool back down
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what is an example of conduction
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Energy is transferred from one point to another by the circulation of fluid
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convection
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A radiator has circular movement of warm and cool air
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What is an example of connection in a house
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Summer
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Convection in the atmosphere is common during which season
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The horizontal movement of energy transfer
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Advection
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Warm air rises to low pressure, cool air comes in from the sides, and the air above sinks down to replace it
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What is the pattern of air movement within a convection cell
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Wind transfers cool or warm water horizontally from place to place
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Advection in the atmosphere
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As air rises and expands the molecules spread through a greater volume of space. The work done reduces kinetic energy and thus reduces the temperature
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Expansion from adiabatic cooling
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The decent of air causes compression due to increased pressure. The work done by the molecules increases their kinetic energy and thus increases their temperature
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Compression from adiabatic warming
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increases
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When air descends it's temperature
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decreases
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when air ascends it's temperature
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when the physical state of water in the atmosphere changes
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latent heat
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evaporation and condensation
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what are the two most common phase changes of latent heat
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when water vapor is converted to liquid water
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condensation
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680
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how many calories does it take to convert from a solid to a gas
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80 calories
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how many calories does it take to convert from a solid to a liquid
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phasing to a water vapor
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which phase of the physical state of water takes the most energy
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31 percent
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approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is reflected and scattered away from earth
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45 percent
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approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is transmitted through the atmosphere and is absorbed by the surface
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the troposphere is in constant motion because the atmosphere is warmed from below
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how is the troposphere warmed by the sun
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the suns rays hit the earth at an angle of 90 degrees when the sun is directly overhead and an angle of less than 90 degrees when it is lower in the sky
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angle of incidence
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0 degrees
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at sunrise or sunset the angle of incidence is what
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the angle at which solar radiation strikes earth, the influence of the atmosphere on the radiation transmitted to the surface, and seasonal variations in day length
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what are the reasons for unequal warming of the earth
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the specific heat of water is five time greater than the specific heat of land, so it must absorb five times the amount of energy to show the same temperature increase as land
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how does the specific heat of a substance influence its rate of warming
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specific heat
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water has a higher what than land
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the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius
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specific heat
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specific heat, transmission, mobility, and evaporative cooling
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why does land warm faster and to a greater extent than water
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because sun rays penetrate water more deeply than they do land
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why does transmission make water cooler than land
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water is turbulent so cool and warm water are mixed together whereas land is immobile so heat is not as widely dispersed
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how does mobility make water cooler than land
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conduction
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land warms via
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convection
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water warms via
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warm and cool water being mixed via turbulance
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how is convection used in the ocean
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because there is an unlimited availability of water on the ocean surface, evaporation is much more prevalent than on the land surface and the latent heat needed for this evaporation is drawn from the water, taking away its kinetic energy and decreasing the temperature
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how does evaporative cooling make water cooler than land
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cools down and heats up
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land does what more rapidly than water
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atmospheric and oceanic circulation
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what are the two dominant mechanisms of energy transfer around the world
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cool temperature
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what is the relative temperature of the ocean current flowing along the west coast of a continent in the mid altitudes
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warm temperature
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what is the relative temperature of the ocean current flowing along the east coast of a continent in the mid altitudes
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enormous loops elongated east-west and centered 30 degrees of latitude
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subtropical gyres
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counter clockwise
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subtropical gyres flow which direction in the southern hemisphere
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clockwise
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subtropical gyres flow which direction in the northern hemisphere
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heat
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ocean circulation is the primary distribution of
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cold deep ocean water that rises to the surface where wind patterns deflect surface water away from the coast
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upwelling
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the observed trend in vertical temperature change in the atmosphere
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environmental lapse rate
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65 degrees celsius per 1000 meters
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what is the average lapse rate in the troposphere
