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The sediment that forms sedimentary rocks is deposited in flat layers.

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*Original Horizontality*

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age compared to the ages of other rocks

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*relative age*

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in horizontal sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layer is at the bottom Each higher layer is younger than the layer below it.

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*law of superposition*

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clues to the relative ages of rocks include:_____ ____ _____ and ____

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*extrusions, intrusions, faults and unconformities*

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magma may push into bodies of rock but not reach the surface ~ when cooled and hardened into rock this forms a(n) ___(blank)______

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*intrusion*

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is a break in Earth's crust visible because rock layers are "out of alignment"

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*fault*

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surface where new rock layers meet a much older rock surface beneath them

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*unconformity*

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layers of rock are missing

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*unconformity*

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A flat, two-dimensional representation of a 3D land surface. Illustrates the peaks, slopes, hills, depressions, bodies of water ect.

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Topographic Map

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Rectangular portions of Earth's surface found on a topographical map. Exact location is expressed in terms of longitude and latitude.

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Quadrangle

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Describes how far North or South an object is (horizontal lines)

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Latitude

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Desribes how far east or west an object is. (Vertical lines)

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Longitude

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Expresses direction in degrees East or West of true North or true South

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Quadrant Bearing

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Expresses direction in degrees between 0 and 360 degrees. ex: North is 0/360, East is 90, South 180, West is 270 degrees.

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Azimuth Bearing

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Angle formed on a map between the direction of true geographic north and magnetic north.

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Magnetic Declination

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difference in elevation between contour lines.

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Contour Interval

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A. Deformation is a general term that refers to all changes in the shape or position of a rock body in response to stress B. Rock or geologic structures are the features that result from forces generated by the interactions of tectonic plates Includes folds, faults, and joints C. Stress: The Force That Deforms Rocks 1. Stress is the force that deforms rocks When stresses acting on a rock exceed its strength, the rock will deform by flowing, folding, fracturing, or faulting The magnitude is a function of the amount of force applied to a given area 2. Stress applied uniformly in all directions is confining pressure 3. Stress applied unequally in different directions is called differential stress 4. Types of stress Compressional stress squeezes a rock and shortens a rock body Tensional stress pulls apart a rock unit and lengthens it Shear stress produces a motion similar to slippage that occurs between individual playing cards when the top of the stack is moved relative to the bottom D. Strain: A Change in Shape Caused by Stress 1. Strain is the change in shape of a rock caused by differential stress 2. Strained bodies lose their original configuration during deformation

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What Causes Rock to Deform?

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A. Elastic, Brittle, and Ductile Deformation 1. Elastic deformation: The rock returns to nearly its original size and shape when the stress is removed 2. Once the elastic limit (strength) of a rock is surpassed, it either bends (ductile deformation) or breaks (brittle deformation)

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Deformed TrilobiteHow Do Rocks Deform?

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A. Factors That Affect Rock Strength 1. Temperature: Higher temperature rocks deform by ductile deformation whereas cooler rocks deform by brittle deformation 2. Confining pressure: Confining pressure squeezes rocks, making them stronger and harder to break 3. Rock type: Crystalline igneous rocks generally experience brittle deformation, whereas sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with zones of weakness generally experience ductile deformation 4. Time: Forces applied over a long period of time generally result in ductile deformation B. Ductile Versus Brittle Deformation and the Resulting Rock Structures 1. Most rocks exhibit brittle behavior in the upper 10 kilometers of the crust Joints are cracks in the rocks resulting from the rock being stretched and pulled apart Faults are fractures in the rocks where rocks on one side of the fault are displaced relative to the rocks on the other side of the fault 2. Folds are evidence that rocks can bend without breaking Usually the result of deformation in high-temperature and pressure environments

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How Do Rocks Deform?

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A. During crustal deformation, rocks are often bent into a series of wave like undulations called folds B. Characteristics of folds 1. Most folds result from compressional stresses that result in a shortening and thickening of the crust C. Anticline and Synclines 1. Anticlines are upfolded or arched sedimentary layers Oldest strata are in the center 2. Synclines are downfolded or troughs of rock layers Youngest strata are in the center 3. Depending on their orientation, anticlines and synclines can be described as: Symmetrical—the limbs of the fold are mirror images of each other Asymmetrical—the limbs of the fold are not identical Overturned (recumbent)—one or both limbs are tilted beyond vertical Plunging—the axis of the fold penetrates the ground D. Domes and Basins 1. Domes are upwarped circular features Oldest rocks are in the center 2. Basins are downwarped circular features Youngest rocks are in the center E. Monoclines 1. Monoclines are large, steplike folds in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata As blocks of basement rocks are displaced upward, the ductile sedimentary strata drape over them F. Faults are fractures in rocks, along which displacement has occurred G. Sudden movements along faults are the cause of most earthquakes H. Polished, smooth surfaces, called slickenslides, provide evidence for direction of movement along the fault I. Dip-Slip Faults 1. Dip-slip faults occur when movement is parallel to the inclination The hanging wall is rock surface above the fault The footwall is the rock surface below the fault 2. The vertical displacement along the fault produces long, low cliffs called fault scarps 3. Normal faults are characterized by the hanging wall moving down relative to the footwall Associated with tensional stress as the rocks pull apart 4. Larger scale normal faults are associated with fault-block mountains Example: Basin and Range Province Uplifted blocks are called horsts Down-dropped blocks are called grabens 5. Fault Block Mountains Half-grabens are tilted fault blocks Detachment faults represent the boundary between ductile and brittle rock units 6. Reverse faults are characterized by the hanging wall moving up relative to the footwall Associated with compressional stress as the crust shortens 7. Thrust faults have an angle less than 45o, so the overlying plate moves almost horizontally Most pronounced along convergent plate boundaries Example: Glacier National Park J. Strike-slip faults are characterized by placement that is horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault 1. Types of strike-slip faults Right-lateral—As you face the fault, the opposite side of the fault moves to the right Left-lateral—As you face the fault, the opposite side of the fault moves to the left K. Strike-Slip Faults 1. Large strike-slip faults that cut through the crust to accommodate plate motion are called transform faults L. Oblique-slip faults exhibit both a strike-slip and a dip-slip movement M. Joints are fractures in a rock where there has been no rock movement 1. Most joints appear in parallel groups

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Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation

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A. A geologist identifies and describes the dominant rock structures in a region 1. Using a limited number of outcrops (sites where bedrock is exposed at the surface) 2. Work is aided by aerial photography, satellite imagery, global positioning systems (GPS), and seismic reflection profiling B. Strike and Dip 1. Sedimentary rocks that are inclined or bent indicate that the layers were deformed following deposition Strike The compass direction of the line produced by the intersection of an inclined rock layer or fault with a horizontal plane Generally expressed as an angle relative to north 2. Dip The angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit or fault measured from a horizontal plane Includes both an inclination and a direction toward which the rock is inclined

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Mapping Geologic Structures

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INTRO

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INTRO

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Geologic maps show the distribution of rocks at the Earth's surface. Usually, the rocks are divided into mappable units that can be easily recognized and traced across an area. The divisions (contacts between units) are based on color, texture, or rock composition. Geologic maps only show what is exposed at the surface of the Earth.

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What are geologic maps?

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Geologic cross sections are drawings of a vertical slice through the Earth.

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What are geologic cross sections?

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Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest at the top. Steno's law.

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What is superposition?

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Layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally. The principle is important to the analysis of folded and tilted strata. Steno's law.

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What is original horizontality?

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Layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions, in other words, they are laterally continuous. Steno's law.

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What is lateral continuity?

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A rock or fault is younger than any rock or fault through which it cuts. Hutton's law.

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What is a cross-cutting relationship?

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Sedimentary rock strata contain fossilized flora and fauna which succeed each other vertically in a specific order that can be identified over wide horizontal distances. Smith's law.

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What is faunal succession?

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LAB

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LAB

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**********SEE DIAGRAM**********

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To know the order of the layers in a cross section...

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Tan/beige

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What color is the rock unit that USC is located on?

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QIs - Surficial sediments

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What is the abbreviation and the formal name of the formation that we are located on?

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Holocene

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What age are the rocks?

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Sedimentary

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What kind of rocks are they?

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Qg = light blue = Surficial sediments/landslide Qog = light grey = Surficial sediments Qoa = beige = Surficial sediments Qd = purple = Quartz Diorite

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Now find the North Branch of the San Gabriel Fault. What are the colors, names, and abbreviations of the rock units on either side of the fault?

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Cutting through Mesozoic age rocks, not cutting through Quaternary age rocks.

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How old are the rocks that the fault is cutting through?

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Has to be at least Mesozoic age.

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What can you tell about the age of the fault from the rock unit it cuts through?

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Reverse fault

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Find the Devonshire Fault on the cross-section labeled A-B. Is this fault a normal, reverse, or strike-slip fault?

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Bright Angel Formation and Dox Formation

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On cross-section A-A' find the fault below the Cheops Pyramid. This fault formed between the depositions of two rock units. Name these two rock units.

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**********SEE DIAGRAM**********

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To draw syncline and anticline rock diagrams...

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An arched fold in which the rock layers dip away from the axis of the fold. (Makes "A" for anticline)

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anticline

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An "imaginary" plane dividing the fold in two (one limb on each side, each dipping the opposite direction). You can visualize this by bisecting the fold with a plane using your paper as an example. That surface is the axial plane

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axial plane

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A fracture in bedrock along which movement has taken place. (NOT THE SAME AS A FRACTURE)

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fault

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Line about which a fold appears to be hinged. Line of maximum curvature of a folded surface.

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hinge line

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A fault in which the hanging-wall block moved down relative to the footwall block.

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normal fault

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A fold in which the hinge line (or axis) is not horizontal.

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plunging fold

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A fault in which the hanging-wall block moved up relative to the footwall block.

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reverse fault

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A force acting on a body, or rock unit, that tends to change the size or shape of that body, or rock unit. Force per unit area within a body.

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stress

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The compass direction of a line formed by the intersection of an inclined plane (such as a bedding plane) with a horizontal plane.

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strike

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A fault in which movement is parallel to the strike of the fault surface.

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strike-slip fault

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A stress due to a force pulling away on a body.

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tensional stress

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1. Disconformity 2. Angular Unconformity 3. Nonconformity

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Name 3 types of Unconformities

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1. Normal 2. Reverse 3. Strike Slip

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Name 3 types of faults

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Compression - causes shortening

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What causes reverse faults?

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Tension - causes lengthening

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What causes normal faults?

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Shear - causes tearing and smearing

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What causes strike slip faults?

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1. Anticline 2. Syncline 3. Monocline 4. Basin 5. Dome

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Name 5 types of Fold structures

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1.) oldest beds in the center of the folds (both in map/transverse cross-section) 2.) on surface will appear as a series of parallel rock bands elongated on the axis of fold 3.) bands will repeat in opposite order on each side of the axis

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Anticlines (Non-Plunging)

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1.) youngest beds in the center of the folds (both in map/transverse cross-section) 2.) on surface will appear as a series of parallel rock bands elongated on the axis of fold 3.) bands will repeat in opposite order on each side of the axis

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Synclines (Non-Plunging)

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1.) oldest beds in the center of folds (both in map/transverse cross-section) 2.) beds decrease in age away from centers 3.) on surface will appear as series of v-shaped bands with the vertex of the "v" pointing in the direction of plunge 4.) oldest beds will appear in the center of the "v"

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Plunging Anticlines

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1.) youngest beds in center of folds (both in map/transverse cross-section) 2.) beds get older away from centers 3.) on surface will appear as series of v-shaped bands with the vertex of the "v" pointing in the opposite direction of plunge 4.) youngest beds will be in center of "v"

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Plunging Synclines

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1.) concentric bands of rock at surface 2.) oldest rock in centers 3.) cross-sections on sides of dome have the appearance of anticline cross-sections

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Domes

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1.) concentric bands of rock at surface 2.) youngest rock in center 3.) cross-sections on sides of basin have the appearance of sync line cross-sections

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Basins

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A map showing the distribution of rock units and structures across a region.

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geologic map

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a diagram showing the geologic features that would be visible by exposing a vertical slice through a part of earth. (the top will usually look like a topographic profile, but folds and bends, as well as faults and rock layers, can be seen, just like a slice of cake with multiple layers.

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geologic cross section

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a combination of the geologic map and cross section.

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block diagram

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Topographic, geologic, block diagrams

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3 maps used in STRUCTURAL geology

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top surface of fault (you could hang from it)

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hanging wall

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bottom surface of the fault (your feet would be on it while you are hanging from the hanging wall)

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footwall

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oldest rock in middle, asymmetrical

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anticline

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youngest rock sin middle

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syncline

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measured downward from the horizontal plane to the bedding plane.

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angle of dip

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axis of a rock fold.

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hinge line

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Divides a fold into two limbs that dip in opposite directions.

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Axial Plane

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The boundaries between geologic units (different rock layers)

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Contacts

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Strike and dip of a feature (bed/rock layer, fault, fold)

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Attitude***

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Largest Group - two or more formations Formation - primary unit of lithostratigraphy Member - named lithologic subdivision of a formation Bed - named distinctive layer in a member or formation Smallest

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Rock divisions/geologic unit

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a structural feature in which the fold limb is tilted beyond vertical, which results in both limbs inclined in the same direction, but not at the same angle

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overturned fold

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Angular unconformity, disconformity, nonconformity

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What are the 3 types of unconformities?

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Gaps in the geologic record

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What do unconformities represent?

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Wherever layers were not deposited for a time or eroded away

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Where do unconformities form?

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Tilted layers overlain by horizontal bedding which represents deformation before continued sedimentation

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Describe angular unconformity

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Crystalline rocks (metamorphic or igneous) are overlain by sedimentary rocks

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Describe nonconformity

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Gap in time between parallel strata during periods of non-deposition or whatever was deposited eroded away. Sometimes hard to see due to parallel bedding(strata)

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Describe disconformity

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Law of super positioning, Law of original horizontality, law of cross cutting relationships, law of intrusions, law of lateral continuity

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What are the 5 laws?

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strata and lava flows extend laterally in all directions until they thin into nothing

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Describe the Law of Lateral Continuity

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Younger sediments are deposited on top of older ones

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Describe the Law of Superpositioning

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clasts, pebbles, fragments, and rocks that are included in other rocks are older than the rock they are in

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Describe the Law of Inclusions

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Any feature that cuts across a body of sediment is younger than the body it cuts across. Also includes intrusions.

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Describe the law of cross cutting

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using fossils to determine age. Fossils coexist/dissapear from the geologic record in a definite sequential order. Any rock layer containing a group of fossils can be identified and dated in relation to the fossils in other rock layers

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Describe the principal of fossil succession

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A vibration caused by the sudden breaking or frictional sliding rock in the Earth because of a release of energy.

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Earthquake

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The sudden release of stored strain in rocks that results in movement along a fault.

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Elastic Rebound

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The series of smaller earthquakes that precede a major earthquake.

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Fore Shock

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The series of smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake.

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After Shock

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An instrument that can record the ground motion from an earthquake.

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Seismograph

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The record of an earthquake produced by a seismograph.

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Seismogram

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The study of earthquakes.

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Seismology

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Waves of energy emitted at the focus of an earthquake.

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Seismic Waves

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Seismic waves that travel along Earth's surface.

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Surface Waves

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Seismic waves that pass through interior of the Earth.

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Body Waves

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The primary or fastest wave traveling away from a seismic event through the solid rock and consisting of a train of compressions and dilations of the material.

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P Waves

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The secondary seismic wave, which travels more slowly than the P wave and consists of elastic vibrations transverse to the direction of travel. These waves cannot penetrate a liquid. A type of body wave.

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S Waves

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The location where a fault slips during an earthquake.

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Focus

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The point on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus of the earthquake.

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Epicenter

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A sloping band of seismicity defined by intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes that occur along the downgoing slab of a convergent plate boundary.

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Benioff Zone

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A measure of the energy released during an earthquake. It is determined by taking the common logarithm (base 10) of the largest ground motion observed during the arrival of a P wave or seismic wave and applying a standard correction for distance to the epicenter.

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Magnitude

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A measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage to buildings and people.

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Intensity

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A 12-point scale using Roman numerals developed to evaluate earthquake intensity based on the amount of damage to various structures.

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Modified Moracalli Scale

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A numerical scale of magnitudes. It defines earthquakes based on the amplitude of the largest ground motion recorded on a seismogram.

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Richter Scale

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An earthquake magnitude calculated from the strength of the rock, surface area of the fault rupture, and the amount of rock displacement along the fault.

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Moment Magnitude

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The transformation of a stable soil into a fluid that is often unable to support buildings or other structures; may be triggered by earthquake vibrations.

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Liquefaction

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A large wave along the sea surface triggered by an earthquake or large submarine slump.

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Tsunami

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The force exerted, in terms of force per unit area, when one body presses upon, pulls upon, or pushes tangentially against another body.

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Stress

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The type of stress that tends to pull a body apart.

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Tensional Stress

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Stress that causes two adjacent parts of a body to slide past one another and parallel to the direction of the forces.

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Shearing

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A change in the shape, position, or orientation of a material, by bending, breaking, or flowing.

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Deformation

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The change in shape of an object in response to stress.

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Strain

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Rock deformation in which the rock will return to nearly its original size and shape when the stress is removed.

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Elastic Strain

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The cracking and fracturing of a material subjected to stress.

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Brittle Strain

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The bending and flowing of a material in response to stress. It will not return to its original size and shape when stress is removed.

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Ductile Strain

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Any break or rupture in a rock.

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Fracture

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A large and relatively planar fracture in a rock across which there is no relative displacement of the two sides.

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Joint

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A fracture in bedrock along which movement has taken place.

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Fault

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A down-dropped crustal block bounded on either side by a normal fault dipping toward the basin.

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Graben

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The rock or sediment below an inclined fault plane.

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Footwall

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The rock or sediment above an inclined fault plane.

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Hangingwall

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A fault in which one block sides horizontally past another (and therefore parallel to the strike line), so there is no relative vertical motion.

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Strike-Slip Fault

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A fault i which sliding occurs up or down the slope (dip) of the fault.

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Dip-Slip Fault

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A fault in which the hanging-wall block moves up relative to the footwall block.

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Reverse Fault

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A fault in which the hanging-wall block moves down relative to the footwall block.

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Normal Fault

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A gently dipping reverse fault; the hanging-wall block moves up relative to the footwall.

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Thrust Fault

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A bent or warped stratum or sequence of strata that was originally horizontal, or nearly so, and was subsequently deformed.

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Fold

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A large upfold of strata, usually 100 M to 300 KM in width, whose limbs are lower than its center.

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Anticline

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A large downfold, whose limbs are higher than its center.

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Syncline

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A fold whose shape resemble that of a carpet draped over a stair.

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Monocline

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The maximum angle by which a stratum or other planar feature deviates from the horizontal. The angle is measured in a plane perpendicular to the strike and is measured downward from an imaginary horizontal plane to an inclined plane.

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Dip

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The angle between true north and the horizontal line contained in any planar feature (inclined bed, dike, fault plane, and so forth); also the geographic direction of this horizontal line.

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Strike

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A vertical angle measured downward from the horizontal plane to an inclined plane.

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angle of dip

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An arched fold in which the rock layers usually dip away from the axis of the fold.

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anticline

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A plane containing all of the hinge lines of a fold.

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axial plane

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Cracking or rupturing of a body under stress.

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brittle

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A stress due to a force pushing together on a body.

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compressive stress

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A fault in which movement is parallel to the dip of the fault surface.

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dip-slip fault

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The compass direction in which the angle of dip is measured.

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direction of dip

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Capable of being molded and bent under stress.

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ductile

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The maximum amount of stress that can be applied to a body before it deforms in a permanent way by bending or breaking.

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elastic limit

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The maximum amount of stress that can be applied to a body before it deforms in a permanent way by bending or breaking.

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elastic limit

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A fracture in bedrock along which movement has taken place.

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fault

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Bend in layered bedrock.

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fold

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The underlying surface of an inclined fault plane.

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footwall

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A representation of a portion of Earth in a vertical plane.

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geologic cross section

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A map representing the geology of a given area.

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geologic map

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The overlying surface of an inclined fault plane.

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hanging wall

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Line about which a fold appears to be hinged. Line of maximum curvature of a folded surface.

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hinge line

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A fold in which the limbs are parallel to one another.

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isoclinal fold

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A fracture or crack in bedrock along which essentially no displacement has occurred.

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joint

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Joints oriented in one direction approximately parallel to one another.

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joint set

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A strike-slip fault in which the block seen across the fault appears displaced to the left.

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left-lateral fault

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Portion of a fold shared by an anticline and a syncline.

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limb

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A fault in which the hanging-wall block moved down relative to the footwall block.

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normal fault

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A fault with both strike-slip and dip-slip components.

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oblique-slip fault

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A fold with gently dipping limbs.

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open fold

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A fold in which both limbs dip in the same direction.

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overturned fold

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A fold in which the hinge line (or axis) is not horizontal.

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plunging fold

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A fold overturned to such an extent that the limbs are essentially horizontal.

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recumbent fold

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A rock that is sufficiently porous and permeable to store and transmit petroleum.

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reservoir rock

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A fault in which the hanging-wall block moved up relative to the footwall block.

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reverse fault

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A strike-slip fault in which the block seen across the fault appears displaced to the right.

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right-lateral fault

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Stress due to forces that tend to cause movement or strain parallel to the direction of the forces.

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shear stress

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A rock containing organic matter that is converted to petroleum by burial and other postdepositional changes.

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source rock

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Change in size (volume) or shape of a body (or rock unit) in response to stress.

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strain

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A force acting on a body, or rock unit, that tends to change the size or shape of that body, or rock unit. Force per unit area within a body.

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stress

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The compass direction of a line formed by the intersection of an inclined plane (such as a bedding plane) with a horizontal plane.

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strike

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A fault in which movement is parallel to the strike of the fault surface.

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strike-slip fault

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A structure in which the beds dip toward a central point.

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structural basin

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A structure in which beds dip away from a central point.

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structural dome

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and interrelationships of rock units.

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arrangement

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A fold in which the layered rock usually dips toward an axis.

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syncline

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A stress due to a force pulling away on a body.

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tensional stress

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A reverse fault in which the dip of the fault plane is at a low angle to horizontal.

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thrust fault

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wave that has become so steep that crest of wave topples forward

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breaker

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collective group of breakers

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surf

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wave hits shallow water at an angle and slows, as more of the wave hits shallow water it becomes parallel to the shore

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wave refraction

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moving mass of water parallel to shore

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longshore current

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narrow currents flow straight out to sea in the surf zone, travel at water surface

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rip currents

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strip of sedimet that extends from low water line inland to a cliff or zone of permanent vegetation

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beach

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steepest part of beach, part exposed to wave action

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beach face

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broad gently sloping platform offshore from beach

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marine terrace

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landward part of beach, above usual high water line

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berm

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movement of sediment parallel to shore when waves strike shoreline at an angle

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longshore drift

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fingerlike ridge of sediment that extends out into open water

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spit

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ridge of sediment that cuts a bay off from ocean

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baymouth bar

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rare, bar of sediment connecting former island to mainland

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tombolo

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all land near sea, beach and small strip of land

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coast

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promontories

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headlands

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irregular shoreline through wave erosion of headlands and wave deposition in bays

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coastal straightening

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steep slopes that retreat inland by mass wasting as wave erosion undercuts them

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sea cliffs

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nearly horizontal bench of rock formed beneath surf zone as coast retreats by wave erosion

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wave cut platform

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erosional remnants of headlands left behind as coast retreats inland

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stacks

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bridges of rock left above openings in headlands or stacks by waves

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arches

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ridges of sand that parallel shoreline and extend above sea level

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barrier islands

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drowned river mouths from rising seas

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estuaries

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glacially cut valleys flooded by rising sea level

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fiords

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1. Original Horizontality 2. Geologic age 3. Understanding changes that take place to rock fabrics during deformation

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What three things tell us that rocks are deformed?

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1. Relative position (dip and strike) 2. Upright vs. overturned

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How do we structurally define rocks?

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1. Folds 2. Faults 3. Unconformities

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What are three common geologic structures?

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Wraps in rocks layers and occur bended upwards, downwards or sideways.

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Fold

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Develops as a result of rocks breaking when stressed, rather than bending.

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Fault

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Stress.

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What causes rocks to move?

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By folding rocks and displacing rocks along faults.

answer

How do plates deform?

question

Any feature produced by deformation of a rock.

answer

Geologic Structure

question

1. Hinge 2. Limbs 3. Core

answer

What are the three parts of a fold?

question

1. Anticline 2. Syncline

answer

What are the two fold types?

question

1. Wavelength 2. Amplitude

answer

What are the two fold sizes?

question

A fold with sides showing a mirror image with respect to axial plane.

answer

Symmetrical Fold

question

A fold without a mirror image in respect to axial plane.

answer

Asymmetrical Fold

question

A fold in which the axial plane is tilted and beds may dip in the same direction on both sides of the axial planes.

answer

Overturned Fold

question

A fold with a horizontal axial plane.

answer

Recumbent Fold

question

1. Hanging wall 2. Foot wall

answer

What are the two types of faults?

question

-Reverse slip -Normal slip -Strike slip

answer

What are the three motions of a fault?

question

The hanging wall moves up the fault surface, and vertically repeats rock layers.

answer

What happens in a reverse slip fault?

question

The hanging wall moves down the fault surface and vertically omits rocks layers.

answer

What happens in a normal slip fault?

question

Dextral.

answer

What is it called when in a strike slip fault, the opposite wall moves right?

question

Sinistral.

answer

What is it called when in a strike slip fault, the opposite wall moves left?

question

1. Stress 2. Erosion 3. Lack of deposition

answer

What are three components of unconformities?

question

1. Sediments are deposited as layers. 2. A younger layer of sediment is deposited on top of an older layer.

answer

What are the two deposition principles?

question

Pre existing rocks are uplifted and tilted by stress. Then the new sediments deposit horizontally in layers.

answer

Angular Unconformity

question

Sediment supply is cut off, stopping deposition. There is a gap in the sediment record. Then, new sediment layers are parallel to old layers. The surface between the two groups of layers is the disconformity.

answer

Disconformity

question

The interface between igneous rocks are eroded and sedimentary rocks are deposited on top.

answer

Non Conformity

question

1. Rock layers in a fold limb 2. Fault surfaces 3. Rock layers beneath angular unconformity

answer

Inclination of surfaces in rocks includes:

question

The direction of maximum inclination for a surface measured with respect to true north-in which all points on that line are of equal elevation.

answer

Dip Direction (Strike)

question

The magnitude of maximum inclination for a surface measured with respect to teh horizontal plane to the top of bed or fault. Does not exceed 90 degrees.

answer

Dip Amount (Dip)

question

1. Landslides 2. Availability of groundwater in wells 3. Amount of shaking from EQ's 4. Presence of available minerals 5. Landscape shaped to a particular kind of plant growth

answer

What are five things that the geology of an area has effects on?

question

A 2-D representation of the three dimensional surface of the earth.

answer

Topographic Map

question

The MSL or USGS quad.

answer

Map Datum

question

The vertical distance from the datum

answer

Elevation

question

The difference in elevation in a specified area

answer

Relief

question

-Bar Scale -Fractional Scale -Verbal Scale

answer

What are the three types of map scales?

question

1. Map Scale 2. Map Colors 3. Map Symbols 4. Map Location (North arrow)

answer

What are the four components of a topographic map?

question

Lines drawn on a map connecting points of equal elevation.

answer

Contour Lines

question

They allow us to show the shape of the land surface on a map.

answer

Why are contour lines important?

question

1. It separates all points of higher elevation from the lower elevation. The distance between two adjacent lines represents a vertical distance called contour interval. 2. Every fifth line is index, and in bold. 3. The horizontal spacing determines the steepness of the land. 4. Lines never cross.

answer

What are the four rules to drawing a contour line?

question

A 2-D representation of geology on the earth's surface.

answer

Geologic Map

question

1. What is the geologic history 2. What are the geologic sources 3. Where and how are they formed 4. Do they constitute natural hazards

answer

What are the four steps to understanding the geologic problems of a region?

question

1. Colors 2. Lines 3. Special Symbols

answer

What are three things that represent a geologic map?

question

1. It helps us read the map 2. The colors represent a particular rock unit 3. The colors are arranged in a stratigraphic column in which rock units are arranged in boxes from oldest to youngest (bottom to top)

answer

What three things do colors tell us on a geologic map?

question

A volume of a certain rock type of a given range.

answer

What is a geologic unit?

question

The age of the unit.

answer

What does a capital letter on a geologic map represent?

question

They depict the orientation of bedding or layering.

answer

What do symbols do for us on a geologic map?

question

1. Fold axis 2. Fault planes 3. Dipping beds (tilted layers)

answer

What do the symbols define?

question

When it is cut irregularly due to erosion, it exposes the lower layers. The contacts follow the contour lines. 0 degrees (no dip)

answer

Horizontal Rock Layer

question

They crop out across the topography. They run straight across all kinds of topography without deviation. 90 degrees.

answer

Vertical Rock Layer

question

The layers crop out in V's across valleys. Layers that are inclined in a direction that is a down valley, has a "v" down valley. 0-90 degrees.

answer

Inclined Rock Layer

question

It goes from the older rocks to the younger rocks.

answer

What is the dip direction in bedding?

question

The folds with the oldest rocks in their cores.

answer

Anticline

question

The folds with the youngest rocks in their cores.

answer

Syncline

question

Reverse-slip faults.

answer

What fault has the older rocks in the hanging wall?

question

Normal-slip faults.

answer

What fault has the younger rocks in the hanging wall?

question

A natural phenomenon that results from sudden release of energy that radiates seismic waves.

answer

Earthquake

question

Either naturally or as a result of human activity.

answer

How do earthquakes occur?

question

The study of EQ's and seismic waves that move through and around the earth.

answer

Seismology

question

EQ's generate seismic waves which can be detected using a sensitive instrument called a seismograph.

answer

Seismograph

question

The record of ground shaking recorded by the seismograph is called a seismogram.

answer

Seismogram

question

The point from which the EQ's seismic waves originate. Also known as a hypocenter.

answer

Focus

question

The location on the surface directly above the focus.

answer

Epicenter

question

1. Body waves 2. Surface waves

answer

What are the two main types of seismic waves?

question

Deep inside the earth.

answer

Where do body waves travel?

question

1. P-Waves (compressional) 2. S-Waves (shear)

answer

What are the two types of body waves?

question

The first waves to appear on the record and are the fastest moving waves. They travel parallel.

answer

P-Waves

question

The second waves to appear and are slower than P-Waves. They travel perpendicular to the motion.

answer

S-Waves

question

1. Rayleigh waves 2. Love waves

answer

What are the two types of surface waves?

question

They are much like ocean waves. The passage is elliptical. They travel on the surface of the earth and causes major damage.

answer

Rayleigh Waves

question

They are much like S-Waves. Their amplitude decreases with depth and does not reach the core or mantle. They have side to side motion.

answer

Love Waves

question

1. P-wave 2. S-wave 3. Surface waves

answer

What is the order of arrival in the seismic waves?

question

S-P

answer

How do you find the difference in arrival time?

question

1. The magnitude 2. The intensity (damage)

answer

What two different things measure earthquakes?

question

1. Richter Magnitude Scale (size) 2. Mercalli Intensity Scale (damage)

answer

What scales measure earthquakes?

question

A logarithmic scale that measures the increasing amplitude of the ground motion by a factor of 10 increase the magnitude by 1.

answer

Richter Magnitude Scale

question

Related to the amount of energy it releases, but conveys little information about the effects on people.

answer

Mercalli Intensity Scale

question

The earth's outermost surface is broken into rigid plates, known as tectonic plates floating on top of more fluid zone.

answer

How do EQ's occur?

question

1. Divergent 2. Convergent 3. Transform

answer

Tectonic plates are broken down to which three categories?

question

That EQ's occur on faults.

answer

What is the elastic rebound theory?

question

1. Faults resist the forces trying to move the pieces apart. 2. As forces build, the fault remains locked and blocks get deformed. 3. Stress is increased. 4. Stress=breaking of the fault. 5. The fault slides past one another.

answer

Describe the elastic rebound theory.

question

Scientists locate EQ's by measuring the time difference between the P and S waves in a seismogram.

answer

How do we locate the epicenter of an EQ?

question

1. The scientist hypothesized that there was an original gigantic super continent 200 million years ago called "ThePangea" 2. It started by breaking into two continents, Laurasia and Gondwana, separated by teh Tethy's Sea. 3. By the end of the cretaceous, they divided into modern day continents.

answer

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

question

Each plate is composed of rigid crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. The most important geologic processes occur at plate boundaries.

answer

What is a lithospheric plate?

question

The map of the earth is always changing. The plates are moving and changing in size.

answer

Plate Tectonics

question

The movement of plates is described by this hypothesis.

answer

Continental Drift Hypothesis

question

1. Continental plates 2. Oceanic plates

answer

What are the two lithospheric plates?

question

1. Eurasian plate 2. North American plate 3. South America plate 4. African plate 5. Pacific plate 6. Australian-Indian plate 7. Antarctic plate

answer

What are the seven major areas that make up oceanic and continental plates?

question

1. Nazca plate 2. Scotia plate 3. Arabian plate 4. Philippines plate 5. Juan de Fuca plate 6. Cocos plate 7. Caribbean plate

answer

What are the seven minor plates that make up the oceanic and continental plates?

question

1. New oceanic crust is formed 2. The plates move apart 3. The process of the plates moving apart is called Sea Floor Spreading Best Example: Mid Atlantic Ridge

answer

Divergent Plate Boundary

question

1. Two plates compress 2. One of the plates slides down below and is incorporated into the earth's mantle along a subduction zone 3. Basically, when the plates push together, one subsides and one starts melting, the result is magma rising forming a chain of volcanoes

answer

Convergent Plate Boundary

question

1. Two plates pass each other and oceanic crust is not created or destroyed. Best Example: San Andreas Fault

answer

Transform Boundary

question

Volcanism has been active in this spot for a long time. Hot spots occur if small and long lasting regions (hot spots) exist below plates and provide high heat energy to create volcanoes.

answer

Hot Spot

question

A theory that proves that plates are moving-- In the 1950's, scientists used magnetomenter that recognized the magnetic variation across the oceanic floor, this is also known as Magnetic Seafloor Stripes.

answer

Concept of Paleomagnetism

question

The earth has a magnetic polarity due to flow of the molten outer core.

answer

Magnetic Field

question

The magnetic polarity of the earth has switched during history, the switches are recorded by magnetic minerals in rocks.

answer

How is the concept of Paleomagnetism proved?

question

1. Continents can move across the surface of the globe 2. Patterns of volcanism can change as plates evolve 3. New oceans grow and sedimentary basins evolve 4. Oceans and sedimentary basins close and produce mountains

answer

The plate tectonic model provides a mechanism by which:

question

That every contour line is of the exact same elevation.

answer

What is the rule about contour lines when it comes to elevation?

question

The elevation between any two adjacent contour lines on a topographic map.

answer

What is a contour interval?

question

Only where there is a vertical cliff.

answer

When do contour lines merge together?

question

A uniform slope.

answer

What do evenly spaced contour lines represent?

question

The lines get closer.

answer

What happens when the slope gets steeper on a contour map?

question

They are ellipses without hatched marks.

answer

What do hills look like on a contour map?

question

They are ellipses with hatched marks.

answer

What do depressions look like on contour maps?

question

1. Topography 2. Rock type 3. Geologic structures

answer

What three pieces are combined to form a geologic map?

question

The block vertically above the fault.

answer

Hanging Wall

question

The block vertically below the fault.

answer

Foot Wall

question

luster, color, streak color, diaphaneity, cleavage or fracture, and hardness

answer

Physical properties of a mineral

question

describes the way the mineral reflects light

answer

Luster

question

metallic, venturous, Earthy

answer

Types of Luster

question

when it does NOT reflect light

answer

Earthy

question

shines like plastic or glass

answer

Vitreous

question

shines like metal

answer

Metallic

question

refers to how easily light travels through something

answer

Diaphaneity

question

is when some light pass through the mineral

answer

Translucent

question

is when NO light passes through the mineral

answer

Opague

question

a geometric shape a mineral has when it is broken, or when you move it under the light when it shines

answer

cleavage

question

if feel greasy, bubbles with acid on it, if magnetic or taste salty

answer

Other ways to identify minerals

question

when a plume of magma extends from the mantle to the surface of the earth.

answer

hot spots are formed

question

basalt igneous rock

answer

islands of hawaii are composed of

question

shields

answer

what kind of volcaneos are the hawaiian islands

question

effusive

answer

what kind of eruption happens on the hawaiian islands

question

form from other pre-existing rocks which have been buried deep under the earths surface

answer

Metamorphic rocks

question

visible grains to be medium sized or invisible grains to be small sized

answer

Grains of metamorphic are either

question

foliated and non- foliated

answer

two texture types of metamorphic rocks

question

have layering

answer

foliated rocks

question

do not have layering

answer

non foliated rocks

question

gneiss

answer

which of the metamorphic rock is high grade

question

form under extremely high pressures and temperatures

answer

high grade metamorphic rock

question

forms closer to the earths surface

answer

medium grade metamorphic rock

question

phylitte and schist

answer

what metamorphic rocks is medium grade

question

have very small crystals of the same color. the foliationg can be seen as very thin layers. do not form very deep in surface

answer

low grade metamorphic rocks

question

multiplying avg depth by avg velocity and widith

answer

how to calculate discharge

question

saturated

answer

If the pore space of ground water is completely filled with water it is

question

saturation zone

answer

layer of rocks under the surface is the

question

unsaturated zone

answer

above the saturated zone, the pore space within the rocks contain only a thin coating of water.

question

porosity and permeability

answer

two factors which determine whether or not a rock layer will be an aquifer or good source of groundwater is the

question

measure of the volume of pore space within a rock

answer

porosity

question

sand pebble mix

answer

3 grain sizes to identify sediment are

question

inter connectedness of the pore spaces within a rock or sediment

answer

permeability

question

sand

answer

sediment with the highest porosity

question

mix

answer

sediment with the lowest porosity

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