question

Space

answer

People extend into it and is the relative understanding of an area

question

Culture

answer

caring for something and something that cares for you — push pull relationship

question

Human Geography

answer

The study of the relationships between people and the places and space in which they live

question

Spatial Models

answer

Used to explain space and models

question

Cultures

answer

__________ are rarely homogeneous

question

Formal

answer

Focused on people — cultural region who has populace with one or more culture traits in common

question

Functional

answer

Functions as a unit politically, socially and economically

question

Vernacular

answer

-Perceived by its inhabitants base in the collective spare l perception of the population at large and bearing a generally accepted name or nickname - Some based on political features and others on economic, political or historical characteristics - Vernally lack sharp borders, vary in scale and people may claim residence in more than one

question

Subjectivity of Formal Culture Region

answer

- No two cultural traits have the same distribution - Territorial extent of a regions dependent on what and how many defining traits are used - How the geographer chooses to define the region depends on the specific purpose of research or teaching that the region is designed to serve

question

Borders formal regions

answer

- Functions as a unit politically, socially and economically - Function regions have nodes (central points are coordinated and directed) - Many functional regions have clearly defined borders - Functional regions generally do not coincide spatially with formal regions

question

Mobility

answer

Understanding of how and why different cultural elements more through space and locate in particular settings

question

Diffusion

answer

the movement of people, ideas, or things from one location outward toward other locations

question

Vector

answer

way something spreads (like through the air)

question

Time-Distant decay

answer

Diffusion becomes weaker as cultural innovation moves away from a point of origin

question

Migrations

answer

large scale movements of people between different regions of the world

question

International Migration

answer

Migration among country borders

question

Stepwise migration

answer

Migration conducted in a series of steps

question

Return migration

answer

Migrants return to place of origin after long term resident elsewhere

question

Seasonal migration

answer

Migrants move according to changes in weather

question

Transnational migration

answer

Movement of groups of people who maintain ties to their homelands after they left

question

Globalization

answer

- Economic, social and political integration that operate on a global scale and collectively created ties that make a difference to lives around the planet - Creates faster and more reliable transportation, aims almost-instantaneous communication, and the comm. of digital sources of information and media

question

Interdependence

answer

Relations between nations & regions are mutual but not necessarily equal dependence

question

Subcultures

answer

- Formal culture regions reveal diff. along racial, religious, gender related and the lines of distinction - Groups of people with norms, values and material practices that differentiate them from the dominant culture to which they belong (this isn't fixed)

question

Material cultures

answer

- All physical, tangible objects made and used by members of a cultural group - visible aspect of culture - This leads to some subjectivity

question

Nonmaterial cultures

answer

Wide range of tales, songs, beliefs, values and customs that pass from one generation to another as part of oral or written traditions

question

Folk culture

answer

- Rural, unified, largely self-sufficient groups that share similar customs and ethnicity. Many of the items used are handmade and most food is grown and consumed locally - With urbanization, folk culture is hidden in rural and agricultural areas - Push to blend old ideals with modern ideals

question

National culture

answer

- Citizens possess a set of recognizable values behaviors, and beliefs - often including the same ethnic and linguistic traits - that express the core culture of each modern nation - Wanted people to fall back on German folk ideals - Europe's new urbanized, cosmopolitan elites looked to rural folk as the source of distinct national identities

question

Indigenous culture

answer

- Constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct form the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation - Generally associated with non urban, rural spaces, particularly the isolate forests and mountain ranges of the world - Peoples who were colonized — mostly but not exclusively by Euro powers are now minorities in their homelands

question

Pop Culture

answer

Modern ways of life associated with the rise of mass produced machine made goods and the invention of long distance comm. tech. that collectively shape cultural preferences and define cultural identity

question

Placelessness

answer

- Resulting from standard formula of the built environment - New York and London look very similar - Global culture looks the same - globalization - Eliminate unique meanings associated with unique locations

question

Pop. Geography

answer

- The study of the spatial and ecological aspects of pop., including distribution, density/unit of land area, fertility, gender, health, age, mortality, and migration - Western lifestyles are adopted by a significant # of Earth's 7 billion inhabitants, we may soon deplete or contaminate Earth's life-support systems

question

Pop. Density

answer

- A measure of pop./unit area (per square mile)

question

Carrying capacity

answer

- The maximum # of people that can be supported in a given area - Provides a more meaningful index of overpopulation that density alone - Can be difficult to determine carrying capacity until the region under study is near or over the limit - ________ of one place can be expanded by drawing on the resources of another place - This causes economic and education expansion (i.e. importing oil)

question

Patterns of natality

answer

- One way to calculate the birth rate is: - the number of births/year/thousand people - The second way is the total fertility rate which is measured as avg. number of children born/woman during her reproductive lifetime (14-45 yrs) - Focuses on the female segment of the pop., revealing avg. family size, and gives an indication of future changes in the population structure

question

birth rate

answer

number of births/year/thousand people

question

total fertility rate

answer

avg. number of children born/woman during her reproductive lifetime

question

The Demographic Transition

answer

used to represent the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. The transition involves five stages.

question

Projections

answer

Cartographers solve the problem of showing the spherical Earth on a flat piece of paper by using:

question

Where and when

answer

Central to the study of geography are the questions ________ and ________.

question

physical sciences and social sciences

answer

Geography as a discipline links the _________________ with the _____________________.

question

political boundaries, cultural characteristics, physical characteristics

answer

In defining a region, geographers might take into account:

question

Meridians

answer

Lines of longitude are also known as:

question

Equator

answer

The globe is divided into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres at the

question

Greenwich, England.

answer

The prime meridian runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through:

question

Pacific

answer

Through which ocean does the longitude line at 180° run?

question

spatial analysis, multiple scales of analysis and cartography

answer

Aspects of geographical analysis are:

question

Scale

answer

Which of the following refers to the relationship between the distances shown on the map and the actual distances on Earth's surface?

question

Cartography

answer

Which of the following terms refers to the making of maps?

question

spatial analysis

answer

Which of the following terms refers to the study of how people, objects, or ideas are, or are not, related to one another across space?

question

Region

answer

Which of the following terms refers to the unit of Earth's surface that contains distinct patterns of physical features or of human activities?

question

Lines of longitude

answer

_____________ on a map run from pole to pole.

question

India

answer

the world leader in population in 2050 will likely be:

question

19%

answer

China, the world's most populous country, contains about _____ of the world's population.

question

more educational opportunities for women

answer

Falling fertility levels are closely associated with:

question

Europe

answer

Generally speaking, the world's lowest total fertility rates are found among the peoples of:

question

Eurasia

answer

In which region does the majority of the world's people live?

question

Europe

answer

In which region is the population the oldest?

question

densely populated regions

answer

The Indian subcontinent and East Asia are:

question

7.1 billion

answer

The approximate population of Earth is:

question

Monaco

answer

The most densely populated nation in the world is:

question

decrease in death rates

answer

The world's population explosion was triggered by a dramatic:

question

average number of children a woman has in her reproductive years

answer

Total fertility rate refers to:

question

zero population growth or population decline

answer

What is the ultimate or final effect of the demographic transition in the postindustrial period?

question

Preindustrial

answer

When using the demographic transition model to study population, one would expect countries with high birth and death rates to be:

question

people are born in a particular place, people move from place to another and people die in a particular place

answer

causes of population change:

question

births, deaths and immigration

answer

influences on the population size of a country

question

Indian subcontinent cluster, East Asian cluster and European cluster

answer

the world's three most heavily populated clusters are:

question

focuses on the female segment of the population.

answer

first, the total fertility rate...

question

gives an indication of future changes in population structure

answer

the total fertility rate also...

question

reveals average family size

answer

the total fertility rate...

question

total fertility rate of 2.1

answer

Zero population growth is achieved at a:

question

very low birthrate, one of the oldest populations and an adoption system for the elderly

answer

Italy has:

question

diffusion

answer

Diseases spread through:

question

vector

answer

way something spreads

question

Globalization

answer

- A recent phenomenon dating from the late 20th century - Different countries and different parts of the world have long been linked

question

Globalization

answer

Catalyst for: - Increasingly linked and interdependent economic and political and cultural networks might lead different groups of people to become more and more alike - BUT... there are new global encounters that have enabled increasing recondition of difference between groups of people - Uneven development - Tendency for industry to develop a core periphery pattern. Countries at core**

question

higher fertility rates

answer

In countries with emphasis on farming there are _______

question

Death rate

answer

The number of deaths/year/1000 people

question

age-induced degenerative conditions or industrial pollution

answer

In the developed world most people die of:

question

Contagious diseases

answer

leading cause of death in poorer countries are:

question

Demographic transition

answer

The movement from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

question

Agrarian societies depended on family labor

answer

1st step in Demographic transition

question

Limited access to health care

answer

2nd step in Demographic transition

question

Industrial era

answer

3rd step in Demographic transition

question

Birth rates didn't fall so quickly

answer

4th step in Demographic transition

question

Eventually a decline in the birth rate following the decline in the death rate

answer

5th step in Demographic transition

question

Eurocentric

answer

reflects experience of western Europe

question

Look-step, stage-by-stage progression

answer

not all countries go through the stages

question

Pop. pyramid

answer

Shows the age and sex composition of a pop.

question

Geography of gender

answer

- The human race is divided almost evenly between females and males, but geographical differences do occur in the sex ratio: the ratio between men and women in a pop. - Slightly more boys than girls born, but infant boys have slightly higher mortality rates than do infant girls - Recently settled areas have more males than females - Women tend to outlive men

question

Gender roles

answer

- Culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man and what it means to be a woman - are closely tied to how many children are produced by couples - Spaces that many cultures associate with women tend to be the private family spaces of the home - Public spaces are often associated with men - Falling fertility levels that coincide with higher levels of education for women have resulted in challenges to cultural ideas of male and female spaces

question

Standard of living

answer

- The United Nations Human Development Index (HDI): combines measures of literacy, life expectancy, education and wealth - Infant mortality rate - The number of infants/1000 live births who die before reaching one year of age

question

Global South

answer

Area of the earth that is underdeveloped

question

Human Development Index

answer

combines measures of literacy, life expectancy, education and wealth

question

Human groups moved in response to the migration of the animals they hunted for food and the ripening seasons of the points they gathered

answer

1st reason for migration (way back when)

question

The agricultural revolution

answer

2nd reason for migration

question

Some groups still migrate(d) in response to environmental collapse, in response to religious or ethnic persecution or for better opportunities

answer

3rd reason for migration

question

move over vast distances

answer

Humans are the only real migratory ape species to:

question

Environment

answer

huge catalyst for migration

question

movement and resources

answer

Humans organize themselves around ________ & _______

question

Push and pull factors

answer

Unfavorable, repelling conditions and favorable, attractive conditions that interact to affect migration and other elements of diffusion**

question

economic

answer

Most important factor prompting migration throughout human existence has been __________

question

Langua franca

answer

language of business

question

Indo-European, followed by Sino-Tebtain

answer

Most languages spoken are:

question

Trees

answer

Languages are put into _____ to show the evolution of languages

question

- Shows that many languages are related to each other - Languages branch off from one another because they are isolated

answer

Language tree models do what?:

question

migratory

answer

Language and dialects are __________

question

geography

answer

the study of spatial patterns and of the differences from one place to another

question

human geography

answer

the study of the relationships between people and the places and spaces in which they live

question

culture

answer

a total way of life held in common by a group of people

question

cultural practices

answer

the social activities and interactions ranging from religious rituals to food preferences to clothing

question

physical environment

answer

all aspects of the natural physical surroundings such as climate, terrain, etc.

question

space

answer

refers to an abstract location on the map

question

model

answer

an abstraction of an imaginary situation - allows people to simulate conditions to isolate certain forces at work

question

place

answer

connotes the subjective, idiographic, humanistic, culturally oriented type of geography that seeks to understand the uniqueness of certain regions

question

World Heritage Sites

answer

Places that have some cultural significance

question

Formal region

answer

a region inhabited by people with one or more cultural traits in common

question

Border zones

answer

the areas where different regions meet and sometimes overlap

question

Core-periphery

answer

the tendency of both formal and functional culture regions to consist of the core or node

question

Node

answer

Central point in a functional culture - where functions are coordinated and directed

question

Functional region

answer

A cultural area that functions as a unit politically, socially or economically

question

Independent invention

answer

A cultural innovation developed in two or more locations by individuals or groups working independently

question

Relocation diffusion

answer

The spread of an innovation or other element that occurs with migration

question

Expansion diffusion

answer

Ideas or practices spread throughout pop. from area to area

question

Hierarchical diffusion

answer

ideas that leapfrog from one important person to the next or from one urban center to another

question

Contagious diffusion

answer

involves the spread of ideas in a wavelike manner -- with no regard to hierarchies or boundaries

question

Stimulus diffusion

answer

A type of expansion in which a specific trait fails to spread, but the concept is accepted nonetheless

question

Absorbing barriers

answer

Completely stop diffusion

question

Permeable barrier

answer

Barrier that permits some aspects of innovation to diffuse throughout region

question

Circulation

answer

an ongoing set of ideas, people or things that have no particular center or periphery

question

International migration

answer

Migration that crosses country borders

question

Internal migration

answer

Occurs within the borders of a country

question

Great migration

answer

The movement of ~6 million African Americans to Northern U.S. states

question

Uneven development

answer

tendency for countries in the core periphery to grow faster than countries that are outside the core periphery

question

Nature-culture

answer

Refers to the complex relationship between people and the physical environment **

question

Isolation of infected people form the healthy population - quarantine

answer

1st spatial response to disease

question

Flee the area

answer

2nd spatial response to disease

question

Target the specific ways the disease spreads

answer

3rd spatial response to disease

question

Cultural ecology

answer

the study of the relationships between the physical environment and culture

question

Environmental determinism

answer

the belief that cultures are indirectly shaped by the physical environment

question

Possiblilism

answer

Humans, rather than the physical environment are the driving force on the environment

question

Environmental perception

answer

The belief that culture depends more on what people perceive the environment to be

question

Natural hazard

answer

an inherent danger present in the specific environment

question

organic view of nature

answer

this belief says that people are part of nature

question

mechanistic view of nature

answer

humans are separate from and hold dominion over nature

question

ecofeminism

answer

doctrine that claims that women are better at preserving the environment - given their motherly instincts

question

cultural landscape

answer

the visible human imprint on the land

question

symbolic landscapes

answer

landscapes that express the values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture

question

settlement forms

answer

the spatial arrangement of towns, roads, buildings and other features

question

nucleation

answer

a relatively dense settlement form

question

dispersed

answer

a type of settlement form where people live further apart from one another

question

land-division patterns

answer

refers to the spatial patterns of different land uses

question

diaspora culture

answer

ethnic, racial and national pop. concentrations people displaced from their homelands +born on mobility

question

indigenous populations

answer

worldwide, large concentrations of __________ exist outside of the strong influence of national cultures and are far removed from the governments

question

queer geography

answer

study of sexuality and space

question

European union

answer

The union of 28 European countries established through a set of political, economic and cultural treaties

question

Trying to establish their identity after being displaced

answer

What is the current problem facing the diaspora cultures?

question

digital divide

answer

Pattern of unequal access to advanced tech. - of course this decreases the rate of growth in countries technologically behind

question

convergence hypothesis

answer

a hypothesis holding that cultural difference between people is being reduced and leading to homogenization of popular culture

question

local consumption cultures

answer

distinct consumption practices and preferences in clothing, food, music, and so forth

question

consumer nationalism

answer

A situation where local consumers favor nationally produced goods over imported goods. - part of nationalist agenda

question

colonialism

answer

taking over land aggressively - often resulted in the displacement of native people

question

biodiversity

answer

Diversity among individuals, populations, species, communities and ecosystems

question

indigenous technical knowledge

answer

localized knowledge about environment and sustainable land-use practices

question

subsistence economies

answer

economies in which people seek to consume only what they can produce and to produce only for local consumption - not for export

question

agroforestry

answer

a cultivation system where people interplant trees with w/field crops

question

folk architecture

answer

buildings by locals: they have a recognizable style and typically are constructed out of local resources

question

leisure landscapes

answer

landscapes that are designed to entertain people

question

amenity landscapes

answer

prized for their natural and aesthetic qualities and real estate industries and their customers

question

landscape

answer

collection of landforms, such as mountains, hills, plains, and plateaus. 'shaped lands'

question

cultural landscape

answer

reveals the important differences within and between cultures a geographic area,including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values

question

pop. geography

answer

the study of the spatial and ecological aspects of population

question

pop. density

answer

a measurement of population per unit area

question

carrying capacity

answer

the maximum # of people that can be supported in a given area

question

demographic transition

answer

the movement of from high and death rates to low birth and death rates

question

younger than 15 years of age

answer

In Latin America, Africa and tropical Asia half the population is:

question

sex ratio

answer

the numerical ratio of females to males in a population

question

gender roles

answer

what it means to be a man or a woman in different cultural and historical contexts

question

Infant mortality rate

answer

The number of infants/1000 live births who die before reaching one year of age

question

The number of infants per 1000 live births who die before they are one year old

answer

The infant mortality rate is

question

refugees

answer

people who leave their country of nationality to flee persecution

question

Malthusian

answer

that human overpopulation was the cause of poverty, illness and warfare

question

Cornucopians

answer

believe that science that science and tech. can solve resource shortages humans are the greatest resource

question

Rule of 72

answer

Take country's rate of annual increase, expressed as a percent and divide it into the number 72 - this will give the years it will take for a given population to double

question

Take country's rate of annual increase, expressed as a percent and divide it into the number 72

answer

How does the rule of 72 work

question

adaptive strategies

answer

the unique ways in which each culture uses its particular physical environment

question

environmental refugees

answer

people who are displaced from their homes due to severe environmental disruption

question

overpopulation

answer

____________ to resource availability can precipitate environmental destruction

question

Closeness to jobs and higher population densities

answer

____________ in theory will reduce the commuting distances

question

farm villages

answer

clustered rural settlements of moderate size inhabited by people who are engaged in farming

question

farmstead

answer

the center of farm operations, containing the house, barn, sheds and livestock pens

question

depopulation

answer

a decrease in population that sometimes occurs as the result of sudden catastrophic events such as natural disasters, disease, epidemics and warfare

question

longer life spans, lower mortality rates or large influx of immigrants

answer

population increases occur gradually because of:

question

unevenly distributed

answer

humankind is ________________ over the earth

question

language family

answer

a group of languages that spring from a common ancestor

question

lingua franca

answer

A language of communication and commerce spoken across a wide area is known as:

question

dialect

answer

A language variant that can be understood by many or most speakers of the main language is a:

question

vocabularies

answer

Comparing the _____ of various Indo-European tongues reveals their kinship.

question

Sino-Tibetan

answer

Following Indo-European, which language family is spoken by the MOST people?

question

derived from a common ancestor

answer

In French the word for three is "trois," in Romanian it is "trei," in Sanskrit it is "travas," and in Welsh it is "tri." This indicates that these languages are:

question

a lingua franca

answer

In bilingual societies, there is no need for:

question

East Africa

answer

In which region is Swahili a lingua franca?

question

Afro-Asiatic

answer

Into what language family do Semitic languages like Hebrew fall?

question

creole language

answer

Into what type of language can a pidgin language evolve as it acquires more words and speakers?

question

pidgin language

answer

A fourth language, D, takes elements from A, B, and C to facilitate communication among the groups. D might be considered a:

question

the Middle East

answer

The Semitic languages are spoken mostly in:

question

Han

answer

The official language of China is:

question

language

answer

The single most common variable by which different cultural groups are identified and by which they assert their unique identity is:

question

Indo-European

answer

What is the largest and most widely spoken language family?

question

The lingua franca

answer

A. It exists to facilitate commerce. B. It serves a similar purpose as a pidgin language. C. It is one agreed-upon language used for communication purposes among different peoples.

question

Language

answer

B. It is the most common variable by which different cultural groups assert their unique identity. C. It is the main means by which learned belief systems and customs pass from one generation to the next. D. facilitates cultural diffusion and shapes the way people think about, perceive, and talk about the environment.

question

True

answer

True or false: Separate languages are mutually unintelligible.

question

True

answer

True or false: Dialects are variant forms of languages.

question

True

answer

True or false: Culture groups often have their own languages of dialects.

question

False

answer

True or false: Dialects are mutually unintelligible.

question

Hebrew

answer

With the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, a common language was needed to unite the immigrant Jews. _____ was revived as the official national language of the new country.

question

False

answer

True or false: In the video shown in class on Friday, it can be said of the Aborigninal langauges that they are all mutuall intelligble.

question

Language

answer

a mutually agreed-on system of symbolic communication that has a spoken and usually written expression

question

Pidgin

answer

a composite language usually consisting of a small vocabulary borrowed from the linguistic groups involved in commerce

question

Creole

answer

a language derived from a pidgin language that has acquired a fuller vocabulary and become the native language of its speakers

question

Bilingualism

answer

The ability to speak 2 languages fluently

question

Language family

answer

a group of related languages derived from a common ancestor

question

polyglot

answer

a mixture of different languages

question

Anatolian

answer

a theory of language diffusion holding that the movement of Indo-European languages from the area in contemporary Turkey followed the spread of plant domestication tech.

question

Kurgan

answer

a theory of how languge diffusion holding that the spread of Indo-European languages originated with animal domestication in the central Asian steppes & grew more aggressively and swiftly than proponents of the other hypothesis

question

isogloss

answer

the border of usage of an individual word or pronunciation

question

slang

answer

words and phrases that aren't pat of a standard, recognized vocabulary for a given language, but that are nonetheless used and understood by some of its speakers

question

ethnolect

answer

a dialect spoken by a particular ethnic group

question

language hotspots

answer

those places on Earth that are the home to the most unique, misunderstood or endangered languages

question

linguistic refuge areas

answer

an area protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental conditions in which a language or dialect has survived

question

toponym

answer

a place-name usually consisting of two parts: the generic and the specific

question

generic toponym

answer

the descriptive part of many place-names, often repeated throughout a culture area

question

neoliberalization

answer

the naming of places has become the _____ of urban spaces

question

languages

answer

____ are fluid, always being altered and reinvented as the needs and experiences of their users change

question

code-switching

answer

the tendency to shift between languages in the same sentence is called:

question

dominance

answer

___________ of one group over another is often expressed in the latter's exclusion form the linguistic cultural landscape

question

China and India

answer

In _____ and ______ people are trying to slow the pop. growth

question

India

answer

17% of all humans reside in ______

question

US

answer

4.4% of all humans reside in _____

question

ethnic group

answer

People who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition compose a(n):

question

racism

answer

The belief that human capabilities are determined by racial classification and that some races are superior to others is:

question

assimilation

answer

What occurs when an ethnic minority completely blends with the host culture?

question

shared history stemming from slavery

answer

Which factor do most African-Americans use to define their ethnicity?

question

self-definition, the way others treat them, the way society treats them

answer

Which factors play a role in a person's understanding of his or her race and ethnicity?

question

individuals may choose to identify themselves with more than one racial group

answer

the current approach of the U.S. Census Bureau to self-definitions of race is what?

question

false

answer

True or false / An ethnic group is usually weakened when an outsider marries into it.

question

true

answer

True or false / Indigenous peoples can become ethnic minorities as a result of colonialism or conquest.

question

true

answer

True or false / There is far more variability within so-called racial groups than between them.

question

false

answer

True or false / Unlike many other areas of study, the study of ethnicity does not have built-in geographical dimensions.

Geo 102 | Chapters 1-5 | UMass – Flashcards

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