Genetics – Chemistry – Flashcards

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Cytosine
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Has Amine Group
Has double bonded oxygen
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Uracil
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Has two bonded oxygens
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Thymine
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Has Two Double bonded oxygens
Has one methyl group
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Adenine
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Has one Amine group
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Guanine
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Has double Bonded oxygen
Has an amine group
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Hypoxanthine
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Has one double bonded oxygen
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Purines make a glycosidic bond at
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Nitrogen - 9
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Pyrimidines make a glycosidic bond at
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Nitrogen - 1
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If the glycosidic bonds are pointing down, then the major groove is on which side of the base?
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The major groove is at the top
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What is a stem-loop?
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Its a structural motif found in RNA
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Double stranded DNA usually takes on which structural form?
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Beta form
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Double Stranded RNA is usually which structural form?
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The alpha form.
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Alpha helices of proteins can fit into which groove of DNA really well?
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Major Grooves
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Beta strands of Proteins work with which of the grooves of DNA really well?
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Beta strands interact with BOTH major and minor grooves really well.
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Herman Muller
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Discovered That x-rays cause DNA mutations.
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Frederick Griffith
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Discovered that heat extracts from virulent S.pneumoniae causes virulence in nonpathogens of the same species.
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Virulence as seen in S.pneumoniae is determined by
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Whether the cell wall is rough (nonvirulent) or smooth.
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Transformation
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A process in which bacteria take up extracellular DNA and use it
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Maclyn McCarty's Group
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Discovered the transforming factor is DNA (not protein or RNA)
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Alfred Hershey & Martha Case
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Used radioactive tracers to show that DNA is the genetic component of bacteriophage.
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S35 was a radioactive marker used for
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Proteins
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P32 was a marker used for
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Nucleic Acids
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Telomeres
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Stabilize the ends of chromosomes and direct special steps for maintaining those structures.
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Euchromatin
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contains genes that are expressed
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Heterochromatin
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Genes that are suppressed
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Human chromosomes range from...
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250 - 50 Mb (Mega base pairs)
8.5 cm
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Condensed Chromosomes have a size of...
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5 um
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As the length of chromosomes increases in Mb pairs (or complexity of organism increases)...
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...the number of genes per Mb pairs decreases.
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Chromatin
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DNA wrapped into nucleosomes
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Nucleosome
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Two coils of DNA wrapped around a protein spool
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Histone-DNA interactions are considered...
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non-specific---any part of DNA can attach to any histone.
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The core of the nucleosome is made of...
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...an octomer of histone proteins.
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Histone 1
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Outside of the core & binds linker DNA between nucleosomes
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How many wraps of DNA go around the histone octomer?
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2
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How many base pairs go around the histone octomer?
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140 base pairs
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Nucleosomes pack into a filament which has a diameter of ...
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36 nanometers
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The DNA wraps around the histone octomer contribute negative or positive supercoils?
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Contributes negative supercoils
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Acetylation, methylation, and other covalent attachments to histones can do what to DNA-histone interactions?
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It can either tighten the DNA (lowering gene expression) or loosen the DNA (Increasing gene expression).
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Why are some histones considered "loose"? Why are they loose?
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"Loose" histones can slide along the DNA allowing control proteins to read indicator sequences.
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The Cell uses what type of system for making enough nucleotides?
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It is an on "demand system": only enough is made for that moment.
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At any given time, how many nucleotide triphosphates are there in the cell?
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Only enough to make 1% of the cell's nucleic acids
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What are the two pathways for nucleotide synthesis?
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Salvage & De novo
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What is Salvage synthesis?
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The recycling of purine bases (adenosine & guanine)from used nucleic acids.
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What is de novo synthesis?
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Synthesis from scratch of both purines and pyrimidines.
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Kinases phosphorylate NMPs (nucleoside monophosphates) to make...
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Nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs)
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Nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) are phosphorylated by kinases to make...
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Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs).
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PRPP stands for...
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5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophospate
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Purine salvage starts with...
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PRPP (5-phosphoribosyl-1-phosphate)
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The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of Hypoxanthine and Guanine with PRPP to make monophosphates is...
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Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRTase)
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HGPRTase can make these two monophosphates...
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Inosinate (IMP) and Guanylate (GMP)
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IMP can be modified to make...
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GMP (guanylate) and AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
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The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between PRPP and adenine to make a nucleotide monophosphate is...
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Adenine Phosphoribosyl Transferase
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Adenine Phosphoribosyl Transferase is involved in the reaction between _______ & ________ in order to make _________.
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PRPP & Adenine , AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
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De novo pathways can make which type of nucleotides?
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Both pyrimidines and Purines.
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Amino acids, C1-THF, and carbamoyl phosphate are used to assemble the...
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Pyrimidine Rings.
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The Ribose in the De novo pathway is derived from...
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PRPP
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Pyrimidine de novo synthesis makes...
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UTP
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UTP can be covalently changed in what way to make CTP (Cytidine Triphosphate)?
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Through Amination.
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Tetrahydrofolate is used in which pathways?
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De novo synthesis of purines and dTTP formation.
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Tetrahydrofolate provides...
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one carbon units.
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Tetrahydrofolate is derived from...
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Vitamin folate.
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Methylation of homocysteine makes...
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methionine.
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Deoxynucleotides can only be made from the reduction of...
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ribonucleoside DIphosphates.
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The source of reduction power of ribonucleotide reductase is derived from...
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NADPH.
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Hydroxyurea is a chemotherapy drug that is involved in the...
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...inhibition of Ribonucleotide reductase.
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Fluorouracil (or fluorouridylate) is a chemotherapy drug that inhibits...
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thymidine synthase.
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Methotrexate & aminopterin are chemotherapy drugs which inhibit...
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...dihydrofolate reductase.
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What is the helix diameter of RNA (alpha form helix)?
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25.5 Angstroms
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What is the helix diameter of DNA (Beta form helix)?
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23.7 Angstroms
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How many base pairs are there for every helical turn of RNA?
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11 base pairs
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How many base pairs are there for every helical turn of DNA?
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10.4 bases
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When relaxed, Linking Number is equal to...
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#bp/10.4
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Linking nummber is equal to...
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Twists + Writhes
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