Genetics – Chemistry – Flashcards
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| Cytosine |
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| Has Amine Group Has double bonded oxygen |
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| Uracil |
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| Has two bonded oxygens |
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| Thymine |
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| Has Two Double bonded oxygens Has one methyl group |
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| Adenine |
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| Has one Amine group |
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| Guanine |
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| Has double Bonded oxygen Has an amine group |
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| Hypoxanthine |
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| Has one double bonded oxygen |
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| Purines make a glycosidic bond at |
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| Nitrogen - 9 |
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| Pyrimidines make a glycosidic bond at |
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| Nitrogen - 1 |
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| If the glycosidic bonds are pointing down, then the major groove is on which side of the base? |
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| The major groove is at the top |
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| What is a stem-loop? |
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| Its a structural motif found in RNA |
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| Double stranded DNA usually takes on which structural form? |
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| Beta form |
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| Double Stranded RNA is usually which structural form? |
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| The alpha form. |
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| Alpha helices of proteins can fit into which groove of DNA really well? |
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| Major Grooves |
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| Beta strands of Proteins work with which of the grooves of DNA really well? |
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| Beta strands interact with BOTH major and minor grooves really well. |
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| Herman Muller |
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| Discovered That x-rays cause DNA mutations. |
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| Frederick Griffith |
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| Discovered that heat extracts from virulent S.pneumoniae causes virulence in nonpathogens of the same species. |
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| Virulence as seen in S.pneumoniae is determined by |
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| Whether the cell wall is rough (nonvirulent) or smooth. |
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| Transformation |
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| A process in which bacteria take up extracellular DNA and use it |
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| Maclyn McCarty's Group |
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| Discovered the transforming factor is DNA (not protein or RNA) |
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| Alfred Hershey & Martha Case |
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| Used radioactive tracers to show that DNA is the genetic component of bacteriophage. |
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| S35 was a radioactive marker used for |
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| Proteins |
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| P32 was a marker used for |
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| Nucleic Acids |
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| Telomeres |
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| Stabilize the ends of chromosomes and direct special steps for maintaining those structures. |
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| Euchromatin |
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| contains genes that are expressed |
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| Heterochromatin |
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| Genes that are suppressed |
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| Human chromosomes range from... |
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| 250 - 50 Mb (Mega base pairs) 8.5 cm |
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| Condensed Chromosomes have a size of... |
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| 5 um |
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| As the length of chromosomes increases in Mb pairs (or complexity of organism increases)... |
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| ...the number of genes per Mb pairs decreases. |
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| Chromatin |
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| DNA wrapped into nucleosomes |
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| Nucleosome |
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| Two coils of DNA wrapped around a protein spool |
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| Histone-DNA interactions are considered... |
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| non-specific---any part of DNA can attach to any histone. |
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| The core of the nucleosome is made of... |
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| ...an octomer of histone proteins. |
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| Histone 1 |
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| Outside of the core & binds linker DNA between nucleosomes |
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| How many wraps of DNA go around the histone octomer? |
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| 2 |
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| How many base pairs go around the histone octomer? |
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| 140 base pairs |
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| Nucleosomes pack into a filament which has a diameter of ... |
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| 36 nanometers |
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| The DNA wraps around the histone octomer contribute negative or positive supercoils? |
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| Contributes negative supercoils |
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| Acetylation, methylation, and other covalent attachments to histones can do what to DNA-histone interactions? |
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| It can either tighten the DNA (lowering gene expression) or loosen the DNA (Increasing gene expression). |
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| Why are some histones considered "loose"? Why are they loose? |
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| "Loose" histones can slide along the DNA allowing control proteins to read indicator sequences. |
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| The Cell uses what type of system for making enough nucleotides? |
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| It is an on "demand system": only enough is made for that moment. |
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| At any given time, how many nucleotide triphosphates are there in the cell? |
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| Only enough to make 1% of the cell's nucleic acids |
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| What are the two pathways for nucleotide synthesis? |
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| Salvage & De novo |
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| What is Salvage synthesis? |
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| The recycling of purine bases (adenosine & guanine)from used nucleic acids. |
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| What is de novo synthesis? |
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| Synthesis from scratch of both purines and pyrimidines. |
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| Kinases phosphorylate NMPs (nucleoside monophosphates) to make... |
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| Nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) |
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| Nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) are phosphorylated by kinases to make... |
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| Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs). |
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| PRPP stands for... |
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| 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophospate |
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| Purine salvage starts with... |
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| PRPP (5-phosphoribosyl-1-phosphate) |
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| The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of Hypoxanthine and Guanine with PRPP to make monophosphates is... |
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| Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRTase) |
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| HGPRTase can make these two monophosphates... |
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| Inosinate (IMP) and Guanylate (GMP) |
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| IMP can be modified to make... |
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| GMP (guanylate) and AMP (adenosine monophosphate) |
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| The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between PRPP and adenine to make a nucleotide monophosphate is... |
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| Adenine Phosphoribosyl Transferase |
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| Adenine Phosphoribosyl Transferase is involved in the reaction between _______ & ________ in order to make _________. |
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| PRPP & Adenine , AMP (adenosine monophosphate) |
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| De novo pathways can make which type of nucleotides? |
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| Both pyrimidines and Purines. |
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| Amino acids, C1-THF, and carbamoyl phosphate are used to assemble the... |
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| Pyrimidine Rings. |
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| The Ribose in the De novo pathway is derived from... |
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| PRPP |
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| Pyrimidine de novo synthesis makes... |
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| UTP |
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| UTP can be covalently changed in what way to make CTP (Cytidine Triphosphate)? |
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| Through Amination. |
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| Tetrahydrofolate is used in which pathways? |
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| De novo synthesis of purines and dTTP formation. |
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| Tetrahydrofolate provides... |
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| one carbon units. |
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| Tetrahydrofolate is derived from... |
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| Vitamin folate. |
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| Methylation of homocysteine makes... |
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| methionine. |
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| Deoxynucleotides can only be made from the reduction of... |
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| ribonucleoside DIphosphates. |
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| The source of reduction power of ribonucleotide reductase is derived from... |
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| NADPH. |
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| Hydroxyurea is a chemotherapy drug that is involved in the... |
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| ...inhibition of Ribonucleotide reductase. |
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| Fluorouracil (or fluorouridylate) is a chemotherapy drug that inhibits... |
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| thymidine synthase. |
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| Methotrexate & aminopterin are chemotherapy drugs which inhibit... |
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| ...dihydrofolate reductase. |
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| What is the helix diameter of RNA (alpha form helix)? |
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| 25.5 Angstroms |
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| What is the helix diameter of DNA (Beta form helix)? |
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| 23.7 Angstroms |
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| How many base pairs are there for every helical turn of RNA? |
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| 11 base pairs |
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| How many base pairs are there for every helical turn of DNA? |
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| 10.4 bases |
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| When relaxed, Linking Number is equal to... |
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| #bp/10.4 |
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| Linking nummber is equal to... |
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| Twists + Writhes |
