General Psychology – UNC Charlotte Final Exam Review – Flashcards
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3 Elements of Psychology
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Science, Behavior, Mental Processes
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Psychology
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scientific study of behavior & mental processes of individuals
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Founder of Structuralism
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Wundt
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Descriptive Research
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Finding out some variable
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Correlational Research
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Discovering relationships between variables (Do not show cause)
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Experimental Research
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Determines whether a causal relationship exists between variables
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Sample
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represents the population in a study
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Experiment
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Manipulation of some variables while holding other constant
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Random Assignment
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Formation of groups using chance
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Independent Variable
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Manipulated variable in an experiment
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Dependent Variable
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Measured variable in an experiment
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Memory
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the capacity to encode, store, & retrieve information
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Working Memory
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Also known as 'Short-Term Memory', lasts only a few seconds if information is not rehearsed
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Long-Term Memory
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storehouse of information that has been acquired from sensory & short term memories
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The Spacing Effect
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Prolonged, repeated exposure to information to retain the information better
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Sensation
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the experience of sensory stimulation
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Perception
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the brain's interpretation of sensory information, so as to give it meaning
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Visual System
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designed to focus the rays of light from the external world on the retina
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Blind Spot
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no visuals cells; the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye
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Cones
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responds to bright light; essential for color vision; abundant in and around the fovea
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Rods
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responds to faint light; results in black & white light
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Prosopagnosia
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inability to recognize faces
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Bottom-Up Processing
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importance of the stimulus/sensory receptors
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Top-Down
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importance of knowledge, beliefs, goals, & expectations
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Absolute Threshold
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minimum amount of energy needed to detect a stimulus
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Difference Threshold
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minimum difference between two stimuli
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Gestalt Principle
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the idea that the wholes greater than the sum of its parts
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Cognitive Development
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change in thought, intelligence, and language process
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Schema
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mental concept framework to organize/interpret information
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Assimilation
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incorporating new information into existing knowledge
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Accommodation
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adjusting schemas to new information
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Sensorimotor Stage
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One of Piaget's development stages... -object permanence -ages birth to 2
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Pre-operational Stage
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One of Piaget's development stages... -Egocentric and Intuitive Thinking -Unable to perform operations -beginning of symbolic thinking -ages 2 to 7
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Concrete Operational Stage
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One of Piaget's development stages... -ability to "reserve" -ability to classify things into different sets -ages 7 to 11
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Formal Operational Stage
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One of Piaget's development stages... -thinking about things that are not concrete -making predictions -using logic to come up with hypotheses
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Temperament
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Individual differences in personality
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Authoritarian Parenting
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parenting style characterized by reasonable demands and high responsiveness
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Authoritative Parenting
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parenting style characterized by restrictiveness and punishment
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Neglectful Parenting
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parenting style characterized by lack of parental involvement
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Permissive Parenting
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parenting style characterized by few limitations in a child's behavior
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Trust vs. Mistrust
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One of Erikson's Stages of Childhood... -first 18 months of life -getting needs met
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Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
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One of Erikson's Stages of Childhood... - ages 1 ½ to 3 years -Developing sense of independence
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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One of Erikson's Stages of Childhood... -ages 3 to 5 years -assuming more responsibility for self
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Industry vs. Inferiority
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One of Erikson's Stages of Childhood... -ages of 6 to 11 -develop feeling of competence
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Pre-conventional Level
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One of Kohlberg's Stages of Development... -punishment or reward -Preschool and Elementary School age
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Conventional Level
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One of Kohlberg's Stages of Development... -abiding by parental or societal standards -Junior High and High School age
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Post-Conventional Level
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One of Kohlberg's Stages of Development... -developing personal moral code reflecting community principles -College and Adult age
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Adolescent Egocentrism
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Belief that others are also preoccupied with adolescence
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Self-Actualizing Tendency
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the drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts
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Fully-functioning person
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an individual whose self-concept closely resembles his/her inborn potentials
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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happy with every decision that is made by a person (No Limitations to happiness)
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Conditional Positive Regard
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happy with most decisions that are made by a person (Limitations to happiness)
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Big 5 Traits
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Openness, Extraverted, Agreeable, Stable, Conscientious
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Extraversion
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One of the Big 5 Traits... -Warmth -Assertiveness -Excitement Seeking
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Agreeableness
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One of the Big 5 Traits... -Trust -Altruism -Compliance
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Conscientiousness
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One of the Big 5 Traits... -Competence -Self-discplined -Achievement Seeking
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Neuroticism
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One of the Big 5 Traits... -Anxiety -Hostility -Depression
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Openness
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One of the Big 5 Traits... -Ideas -Values -Experience seeker
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ID (Freud)
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pleasure principle (I want it now!)
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Ego (Freud)
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reality principle (Okay how do I achieve this goal...)
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Superego (Freud)
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morality principle (I have to do the right thing.)
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Language, Images, Concepts
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3 most important building blocks of language
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Phonemes
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a unit of sound in speech
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Morphemes
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meaningful units of speech in language
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Grammar
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order of phrases & sentences
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Images
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mental representations of sensory experiences
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Concepts
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categories for classifying objects, people, and experiences based on their common elements
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Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
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thought is greatly influenced by language
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Algorithm
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set of step-by-step procedures guaranteed to work (does not waste time)
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Mental Set
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a tendency to perceive & approach a problem in a certain way
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Functional Fixedness
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tendency to perceive only traditional uses for an object
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Representativeness Heuristic
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typical model of a category
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Stressors
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any environmental demand that creates a state of tension or threat & requires a change or adaptation
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Hassles
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Annoyances or frustrations in life
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Frustrations
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occurs when a person is prevented from reaching a goal because of an obstacle
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Conflict
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when one faces two or more incompatible demands, opportunities, needs, or goals
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Approach/Approach Conflict
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when a person is simultaneously attracted to two appealing goals
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Avoidance/Avoidance Conflict
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when a person is confused with 2 undesirable possibilities
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Approach/Avoidance Conflict
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when a person is both attracted to & repelled by the same goal
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Confrontation
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acknowledging the problem, attacking the problem, and resolving it
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Compromise
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settling for less than we originally thought
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Withdrawal
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completely escaping yourself from the stressful situation; "Last Resort"
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Denial
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refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality
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Repression
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forgetting to exclude painful thoughts from consciousness
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Projection
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putting repressed feelings, thoughts, and motives onto others
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Identification
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taking on characteristics of someone else, mostly in order to overcome feeling adequate
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Regression
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reverting to a childlike behavior
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Intellectualization
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analyzing our feelings intellectually, by first detaching yourself from them
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Reaction Formation
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express feelings with exaggerated intensity, ideas, and emotions that are the opposite of their own (Keyword: Exaggeration)
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Displacement
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redirection of repressed motives and emotions from their original objects to substitute objects
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Sublimation
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transforming repressed motives or feelings into more socially acceptable forms
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Stress hormones
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adrenaline and norepinephrine are examples of...
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Liver
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this organ increases blood sugar during stress
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Flight-or-Flight Response
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whether someone attacks or flees in a stressful situation
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Alarm Reaction
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First stage of General Adaptation Syndrome -body recognizes the stress and tries to fend it off
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Resistance
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Second Stage of General Adaptation Syndrome -physical symptoms appear -intensifies use of coping techniques
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Exhaustion
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Last Stage of General Adaptation Syndrome -inability to concentrate -turn to drugs and alcohol for a coping mechanism
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Oedipus Complex
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jealousy in young boys for the parent of the same sex
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Archetypes
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mental images that play a special role in shaping personality
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Persona
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that part of personality by which we ate known to other people
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Schemata
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set of expectations and beliefs about categories of people
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Attribution Theory
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people seek to understand human behavior by attributing it either to internal or external causes
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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overemphasize others' personal traits in attributing causes to their behavior
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Just-World Hypothesis
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may lead us to blame the victim when bad things happen to the people
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Self-serving Bias
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our tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external ones
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Attitude
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relatively stable organization of beliefs, feelings, and tendencies toward an "attitude" object
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Frustration-Aggression Theory
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states that people who feel exploited & oppressed displace their hostility toward the powerful onto scapegoats
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Scapegoats
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people who are "lower" on the social scale
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Learning
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the process by which experience or practice produces a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior
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Operant Conditioning
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learning to make or withhold a certain response because of it's consequence
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Positive Reinforcement
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something given to reward a behavior
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Negative Reinforcement
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Taking an unpleasant stimulus away
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Punishment
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any unpleasant consequence that decreases the likelihood that the preceding behavior will recur.
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Extinciton
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learned responses weakening and disappearing
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Neurons
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basic building block of the nervous system
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Dendrites
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short fibers that receive neurons
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Axons
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carries out on going messages from the cell
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Myelin Sheath
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this increases neuron efficiency and provides insulation
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Resting Potential
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when a neuron is at rest
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
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made up of nerves that radiate throughout the body
