General Psychology Midterm Practice - Flashcards with Answers

Q: Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. She succeeded in high school by cramming for exams and relying on parental pressure to get homework done. Now, however, she is finding that these strategies are no longer viable ways to succeed. According to the text, Carla should_____. A. \"think outside the box\" in order to succeed in college B. move back home with her parents and commute to college C. drop out of college D. should indulge in fixations

A. \"think outside the box\" in order to succeed in college

question

Cognitive psychology studies all of the following except: A. Problem solving B. Reasoning C. Telepathy D. Decision Making

answer

C. Telepathy

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2. Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of______, a task that only humans can perform. A. developing new learning goals B. prescribing medical treatments C. evaluating loan applications D. diagnosing medical illnesses

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A. developing new learning goals

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_____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics. A. Algorithms B. Concepts C. Semantics D. Heuristics

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B. Concepts

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According to _____ when people evaluate whether a particular object reflects a certain concept, they compare the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item's properties. A. the prototype model B. the availability heuristic C. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence D. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

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A. the prototype model

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In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because many real-life problems ____. A. are vague and/or ill defined B. suggest obvious operations C. provide clear definitions D. are beyond the average person's ability to solve

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A. are vague and/or ill defined

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Recognizing problems involves _____. A.being aware of and open to experiences B. functional fixedness C. artificial intelligence D. using heuristics

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A.being aware of and open to experiences

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7. You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday. Your apartment is a mess and you have nothing to wear. You decide to do your laundry Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment Saturday morning, and cook the dinner Saturday evening. Preparing for the dinner party in this way is an example of _____. A. subgoaling B. using algorithms C. using heuristics D. prototype

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A. subgoaling

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A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem. A. subgoal B. algorithm C. heuristic D. fixation

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B. algorithm

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Claudia is trying to cook her mother's famous lasagna. She carefully follows her mother's recipe to ensure that the dish turns out correctly. Claudia is using a(n) _____ . A. heuristic B. subgoal C. algorithm D. category

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C. algorithm

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Developing a criterion for determining the effectiveness of the solution occurs during which step of the problem-solving process? A. Finding and framing the problem. B. Developing problem-solving strategies C. Evaluation of solutions D. Redefining problems over time

answer

C. Evaluation of solutions

question

Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. She succeeded in high school by cramming for exams and relying on parental pressure to get homework done. Now, however, she is finding that these strategies are no longer viable ways to succeed. According to the text, Carla should_____. A. "think outside the box" in order to succeed in college B. move back home with her parents and commute to college C. drop out of college D. should indulge in fixations

answer

A. "think outside the box" in order to succeed in college

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Psychological research involves studying a sample of participants in order to draw conclusions about the population from which the sample is drawn. This is an example of_____. A. inductive reasoning B. deductive reasoning C. algorithms D. artificial intelligence

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A. inductive reasoning

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Carlos believes that all or the people from another part of his town are snobs. Ho believes that the students from this area are rich and drive expensive sports cars to school. He is scheduled to perform with a few of these students in an all-county musical presentation. If he assumes that these particular students will be rich and snobby, he is using______ . A. Inductive reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. critical thinking D. artificial intelligence

answer

B. Deductive reasoning

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Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to the confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them? A. She will read both the editorials that she agrees with and those that she doesn't to get a balanced view of issues. B. She will read the editorials that she agrees with, but not the ones that she disagrees with. C. She will read the editorials that she disagrees with to get an idea of what the other perspectives on issues may be. D. She will not read any of the editorials.

answer

B. She will read the editorials that she agrees with, but not the ones that she disagrees with.

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Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will tum out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. Fred seems to be demonstrating_____. A. overconfidence bias B. hindsight bias C. selection bias D. deductive reasoning

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B. hindsight bias

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The fact that we bear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of a(n)_____ . A. attention bias B. simulation heuristic C. availability heuristic D. representativeness heuristic

answer

C. availability heuristic

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Open-mindedness involves_____ . A. being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities B. being receptive to other ways to looking at things C. the tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information D. the tendency to ignore information about general principles

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B. being receptive to other ways to looking at things

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_____ involves the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems. A. An algorithm B. Creativity C. A heuristic D. Fixedness

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B. Creativity

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_____ produces many solutions to the same problem. A. Deductive reasoning B. Convergent thinking C. Divergent thinking D. Inductive reasoning

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C. Divergent thinking

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_____ produces the single best solution to a problem A. Deductive reasoning B. Convergent thinking C. Divergent thinking D. Inductive reasoning

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B. Convergent thinking

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ln the U.S., intelligence is defined as _____. A. a trait that is shaped entirely by genetics B. an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience C. the ability to know what to do and follow through with appropriate action, under most circumstances D. the ability to participate responsibly in family and social life

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B. an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience

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When the scores on a measure relate to important outcomes, we say the test has high ____. A. reliability B. criterion validity C. standardization D. distribution

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B. criterion validity

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If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence then the test is ____ but not ____. A. reliable; valid B. valid; reliable C. inductive; deductive D. divergent; convergent

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A. reliable; valid

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Standardization ______. A. refers to the ability to yield a consistent result to what it is intended to measure B. refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure C. is the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance D. lnvolves developing uniform procedure few administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test

answer

D. lnvolves developing uniform procedure few administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test

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_____ is an individual's level of mental development relative to that of others. A. Chronological age B. Mental age C. Psychological quotient D. Cerebral quotient

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B. Mental age

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If a child's mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that ____. A. the child's IQ is above average B. the child's IQ is average C. the child's IQ is lower than average D. a mistake has occurred

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A. the child's IQ is above average

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A 6-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of ____ A. 90 B. 100 C. 110 D. 60

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B. 100

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Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the NCAA basketball championship games start?" Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from countries outside of the United States may have problems with this question because it is probably ____ A. not valid B. culturally biased C. unreliable D. generalized

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B. culturally biased

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_____ is the proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members. A. Familiarity B. Accountability C. Heritability D. Cognizance

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C. Heritability

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It has commonly been reported that the heritability of intelligence is approximately ____ percent. A. 10 B. 25 C. 50 D. 75

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C. 50

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Malcolm has an IQ of 140. He has skipped three grades and is a straight A student with superior verbal and mathematical talent. Psychologists would consider Malcolm to be ____ A. gifted B. autistic C. socially maladjusted D. an introvert

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A. gifted

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Mental retardation is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of ____ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. A. 150 B. 120 C. 90-100 D. below 70

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D. below 70

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Sophia is in the fifth grade and lives in one of the most impoverished areas in the state. She has a history of academic failure, although she is very sensitive to teacher expectations. Her teachers have noticed that she responds best when candy is offered as an incentive instead of verbal praise. Sophia's IQ is 65. She is most likely a victim of ____ A. organic retardation B. cultural-familial retardation C. vitamin deficiency retardation D. profound mental retardation

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B. cultural-familial retardation

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The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of ____ intelligence. A. algorithmic B. analytical C. creative D. practical

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B. analytical

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According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, ____ intelligence involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine. A. intrapersonal B. analytical C. creative D. naturalist

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C. creative

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_____ is a language's sound system. A. Phonology B. Semantics C. Morphemes D. Syntax

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A. Phonology

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____ refers to a language's rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences. A. Phonology B. Semantics C. Morphemes D. Syntax

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D. Syntax

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The textbook describes a case study of a young girl named Genie who was isolated and severely abused. Because her parents never communicated with her in words, Genie lacked exposure to language during her early childhood years. Although she was able to make some language advances while in extensive rehabilitation, as an adult Genie still speaks in short mangled two- or three-word sentences. This case study suggests that language development A. can occur rapidly in adulthood, despite childhood deficiencies B. is entirely shaped by biology and genetics C. is influenced by the environment D. ceases during adulthood

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C. is influenced by the environment

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______ is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience A. Erudition B. Maturation C. Edifying D. Learning

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B. Maturation

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______is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping, A. Psychoanalysis B. Behaviorism C. Humanism D. Conditioning

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B. Behaviorism

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Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called____ A. episodic learning B. observational learning C. associative learning D. rote learning

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C. associative learning

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Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterwards. This is an example of __ A. classical conditioning B. observational learning C. operant conditioning D. stimulus experience

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A. classical conditioning

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Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through __ A. classical conditioning B. operant conditioning C. latent learning D. discovery learning

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B. operant conditioning

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Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through __ , whereas observational learning involves learning through __ A. observation and imitation I association B. conscious behaviors I observation and practice C. association I observation and imitation D. conscious thoughts I unconscious thoughts

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C. association / observation and imitation

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Miranda is learning how to play tennis, for her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Miranda patiently watches. Miranda then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Miranda is learning to play tennis? A. Operant conditioning B. Classical conditioning C. Observational learning D. Latent learning

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C. Observational learning

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Pavlov's dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n) __ A. Unconditional Stimulus B. Conditional Stimulus C. Unconditional Response D. Conditional Response

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A. Unconditional Stimulus

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Dr. Meyer is known for bis difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n)____. A.US B.CS C.UR D.CR

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B. CS

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In classical conditioning situations, the ____ connection is unlearned, but the ____ connection is learned. A. US-CS I UR-CR B. US-UR I CS-CR C. UR-CR I US-CS D. CS-CR I US-UR

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B. US-UR I CS-CR

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______in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. A. Generalization B. Discrimination C. Spontaneous recovery D. Latent learning

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A. Generalization

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_____in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. A. Generalization B. Discrimination C. Spontaneous recovery D. Latent learning

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B. Discriminati

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_____ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent. A. Generalization B. Discrimination C. Extinction D. Latent learning

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C. Extinction

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The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called ____ A. Generalization B. Discrimination C. Spontaneous recovery D. Latent learning

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C. Spontaneous recovery

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In the experiment with little Albert conducted by Watson and Rayner, ____ was used as an unconditional response for conditioning Albert to fear a white rat. A. fire B. a loud noise C. the researcher D. a sealskin coat

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B. a loud noise

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In John Watson's experiment on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as a(n) ______to condition Albert. A. conditioned stimulus B. unconditioned stimulus C. conditioned response D. unconditioned response

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A. conditioned stimulus

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______ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response. A. Instinctive drift B. Generalizing C. Expectancy learning D. Counter conditioning

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D. Counter conditioning

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Robert drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Robert likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night? A. He will feel happy about what a great time he had last night. B. He will want to drink more tequila right away. C. He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive. D. He will invite all of his friends over that night for another party

answer

C. He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive

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Classical conditioning helps to explain ___, which refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. A. immunosuppression B. habituation C. aversive conditioning D. counterconditioning

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B. habituation

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In operant conditioning, ____ A. the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior B. which is a form of respondent behavior, behavior occurs in automatic response to a stimulus C. neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses D. behavior is a consequence of the CS

answer

A. the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior

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Some bears kept in the zoo allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. You, however, a psychology student, quickly surmise that the bears had undergone _____. A. discovery learning B. classical conditioning C. secondary reinforcement D. operant conditioning

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D. operant conditioning

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The process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called _____. A. generalization B. extinction C. reinforcement D. specialization

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C. reinforcement

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The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called __ A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment

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B. positive reinforcement

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The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called_____ A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment

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A. negative reinforcement

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Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in a avoidance learning called____, in which organism, exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes. A. instinctive drift B. extinction C. learned helplessness D. generalization

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C. learned helplessness

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which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer? A. Praise B. Money C. Food D. Attention

answer

C. food

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Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they're grilling, they will throw him a candy. However, his owner Paul, does not want Bubba to eat candy as it is not good for his health. He does not allow Bubba to eat candies from the neighbor. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. According to operant conditioning principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can ____ A. generalize B. substitute secondary reinforcers when primary reinforcers are not available C. learn a partial-reinforcement schedule D. discriminate

answer

D. discriminate

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Fred's parents are very inconsistent with their childrearing rules. Most of the time Fred can climb on the furniture but sometimes he is punished. Fred's parents can't understand why he isn't a better-behaved child. Fred's parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a_____. A. fixed-ratio schedule B. fixed-interval schedule C. partial-reinforcement schedule D. continuous reinforcement schedule

answer

C. partial-reinforcement schedule

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A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a ____. schedule of reinforcement. A. continuous B. variable-ratio C. fixed-ratio D. fixed-interval

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B. variable-ratio

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Spanking is a form of____; time out is a form of ____. A. negative punishment / positive punishment B. positive reinforcement / negative reinforcement C. positive punishment / negative punishment D. positive reinforcement / positive punishment

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C. positive punishment / negative punishment

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Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After a few times of being grounded, Larry's misbehavior toward his little brother decreases. Grounding Larry is an example of __ A. positive punishment B. negative punishment C. negative reinforcement D. positive reinforcement

answer

C. negative reinforcement

question

Your psychology professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper, so she posts an example of a research paper on the course website. You use this example as a model when writing your own paper. Which of the following concepts best describes how you learned to write your research paper? A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. Observational learning D. Insight learning

answer

C. Observational learning

question

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?A. Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement B. Attention, retention, generalization, and discrimination C. Acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination D. Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

answer

A. Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

question

Which of the following is true with regard to insight learning? A. Psychologists have confirmed that insight learning is essentially similar to learning through trial and error. B. Insight learning appears to entail only gradual processes. C. Insight learning requires thinking "outside the box," setting aside previous expectations and assumptions. D. Exposure to other cultures does not influence insight learning

answer

C. Insight learning requires thinking "outside the box," setting aside previous expectations and assumptions.

question

Ally, an athlete believes she does not have the ability to improve her running time, despite her practicing every day. Which of the following explains Ally's attitude? A. Growth mindset B. Instinctive drift C. Preparedness D. Fixed mindset

answer

D. Fixed mindset

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______refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory. A. Storage B. Retrieval C.Decay D. Encoding

answer

D. Encoding

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Your roommate Chuck is having difficulty in his chemistry class. He asks you for advice on how to improve his memory of the material. You suggest that rather than trying to memorize the definitions, he should learn the concept by coming up with real-world examples. You tell Chuck to work on making links between new information and everything be already knows. Which of the following memory strategies are you recommending to Chuck?A. Elaboration B. Imagery C.Chunking D. Selective attention

answer

A. Elaboration

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Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds? A. Sensory memory B. Short-term memory C. Long-term memory D. Schemas

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B. Short-term memory

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Information can last up to a lifetime in ____. A. sensory memory B. short-term memory C. long-term memory D. working memory

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C. long-term memory

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Sensory memory _______. A. holds information acquired through our senses for a brief amount of time B. is a form of short-term memory C. transfers information directly to long-term memory D. is very vague and unclear

answer

A. holds information acquired through our senses for a brief amount of time

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When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on ____ whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on ____A. sensory memory/ long-term memory B. long-term memory/ short-term or working memory C. long-term memory/ procedural memory D. semantic memory/ long-term memory

answer

B. long-term memory/ short-term or working memory

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______ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas______ refers to visual sensory memory. A. Ionic memory / echoic memory B. Declarative memory / nondeclarative memory C. Echoic memory / iconic memory D. Nondeclarative memory / declarative memory

answer

C. Echoic memory / iconic memory

question

George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term or working memory is________ between units of information. A. 2 and 7 B. 5 and 9 C. 7 and 12 D. 9 and 1

answer

B. 5 and 9

question

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of A. mental structuring B. visual structuring C. chunking D. cueing

answer

C. chunking

question

_______ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming. A. Explicit memory B. Implicit memory C. Episodic memory D. Semantic memory

answer

B. Implicit memory

question

Based on the famous case study of H.M., a patient who had severe epilepsy, H.M. underwent surgery that involved removing the hippocampus and a portion of the temporal lobes of both hemispheres in his brain. After the surgery, his epilepsy was cured but his memory was impaired. Which of the following best describes the effect that surgery had on H.M.'s memory?A. H.M. developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory. B. H.M. showed major deficits in sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. C. H.M. 's procedural memory suffered the most damage. D. H.M. could not learn new physical tasks

answer

A. H.M. developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory.

question

Which of the following involves being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it? A. Sensory memory B. Short-term memory C. Declarative memory D. Nondeclarative memory

answer

C. Declarative memory

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Recollections of John's first family vacation to Disneyland are part of John's ____ A. implicit memory B. non-declarative memory C. episodic memory D. procedura1 memory

answer

C. episodic memory

question

In which subsystem of Iong-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored? A. Episodic memory B. Semantic memory C. Non-declarative (implicit) memory D. Declarative (explicit) memory

answer

C. Non-declarative (implicit) memory

question

People very quickly adapt to the procedures and behaviors appropriate at a birthday party. General knowledge of what to expect and how to behave at a birthday is called a(n) ________. A. script B. implicit memory C. discovered memory D. working memory

answer

A. script

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The hippocampus, the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas of the limbic system play a very important role in _______memory. A. repressed B. implicit C. explicit D. sensory

answer

C. explicit

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Retrieval is the process of ____. A. transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory B. bringing information to mind whenever needed C. storing information so that it can be retained over time D. detecting information from the world without receiving concrete sensory input

answer

B. bringing information to mind whenever needed

question

Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____. A. recency effect / primacy effect B. primacy effect / recency effect C. flashbulb memory effect / metamemory effect D. metamemory effect / flashbulb memory effect

answer

B. primacy effect / recency effect

question

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's ____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing abilities. A. episodic memory / semantic memory B. semantic memory / episodic memory C. recall / recognition D. recognition / recall

answer

D. recognition / recall

question

The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events is known as _____. A. precognition B. working memory C. procedural memory D. flashbulb memory

answer

D. flashbulb memory

question

Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 5 years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of a(n) _______. A. implicit memory B. schema C. repressed memory D. elaboration

answer

C. repressed memory

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Which of the following occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material leaned later? A. Elaboration B. Proactive interference C. Transference D. Motivated forgetting

answer

B. Proactive interference

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_______ is a situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier. A. Retroactive interference B. Motivated forgetting C. Transience D. Transferenc

answer

A. Retroactive interference

question

The process through which the senses detect environmental stimuli and transmit them to the brain is called______? A. consciousness B. perception C. sensation D. reception

answer

C. sensation

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______is the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory information. A. Consciousness B. Perception C. Sensation D. Reception

answer

B. perception

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Melanie is learning how to read Spanish by sounding out each word one letter at a time. Melanie is engaging in_____ A. top-down processing B. bottom-up processing C. sensory adaptation D. subliminal perception

answer

B. bottom-up processing

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_____means that a person can detect information from the world without receiving concrete sensory input. A. Retrocognition B. Selective attention C. Absolute threshold D. Extrasensory perception

answer

D. Extrasensory perception

question

You are studying in your dorm room, but your neighbor is blasting the television in the adjacent room. When you gently request that your neighbor turn the volume down until you cannot hear it, you are asking your neighbor to make the volume less than your_____? A. absolute threshold B. difference threshold C. minimum transduction level D. basilar level

answer

A. absolute threshold

question

The _____marks the point where we can just barely perceive a stimulus. A. just noticeable difference B. difference threshold C. absolute threshold D. just noticeable threshold

answer

C. absolute threshold

question

Linda is studying while listening to her iPod. She notices that when she raises the volume 5 decibels when the volume is initially low, the change is very noticeable. However, then the volume is initially high, increasing the volume by 5 decibels doesn't result mas noticeable of change in sound. This phenomenon is best explained by_______. A. the volley principle B. Weber's law C. perceptual constancy D. selective attention

answer

B. Weber's law

question

You arrive at your friend's apartment for a big party at the end of the semester. When you first arrive, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still at the same volume, it no longer bothers you or seems that loud. This change in your sensations describes the process of_____. A. auditory adjustment B. transduction C. sensory adaptation D. sensory deprivation

answer

C. sensory adaptation

question

predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way is known as ________. A. selective attention B. a perceptual set C. the cocktail party effect D. top-down processing

answer

B. a perceptual set

question

Rods and cones are located in the______ A. retina B. lens C. cornea D. occipital lobe

answer

A. retina

question

Jane is having trouble sleeping. As she sits in bed looking around the darkened room, she notices that her peripheral vision seems to be better than her central vision. This is because vision in a low light conditions _____. A. depends on the rods B. depends on the cones C. doesn't require the use of the pupil D. doesn't require the retina

answer

A. depends on the rods

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The __ is made up of axons of the cells. which carries visual information to the brain for further processing. A. fovea B. optic nerve C. lens D. iris

answer

B. optic nerve

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the ____ is the area near the center of the retina where there are no rods and no cones. A. cornea B. blind spot C. fovea D. lens

answer

B. blind spot

question

The purpose of parallel processing is to _____ A. allow sensory infonnation to travel rapidly through the brain B. allow rods and cones to function simultaneously C. prevent the misinterpretation of colors D. use binocular cues to perceive depth

answer

A. allow sensory information to travel rapidly through the brain

question

Which of the following statements about research on color blindness is true? A. Most individuals who are color-blind literally see the world in black and white. They are unable to perceive any colors other than black or white. B. Color blindness is more common among women than among men. C. The nature of color blindness depends on which of the three kinds of cones (green,red, and blue) is inoperative. D. Research on color blindness does not support the trichromatic theory of vision.

answer

C. The nature of color blindness depends on which of the three kinds of cones (green,red, and blue) is inoperative.

question

Gestalt psychologists emphasize that ____. A. perception is the same as sensation B. we learn to perceive the world through experience C. the whole is more than the sum of its parts D. perception is a neurological process

answer

C. the whole is more than the sum of its parts

question

Depth perception involves ____. A. perceiving three dimensions B. seeing in three colors C. the pinna D. the papillae

answer

A. perceiving three dimensions

question

in order to get a good idea of an object's depth, we rely on a number of binocular and monocular cues. Which of the following would be an example of a binocular cue? A. Texture gradient B. Convergence C. Height in field of view D. Shading

answer

B. Convergence

question

The perception that a stationary object is moving is known as A. real movement B. apparent movement C. convergence D. depth perception

answer

B. apparent movement

question

the tendency for perceptions of objects to remain relatively unchanged in spite of changes in size, shape, and/or color is called____. A. monocular constancy B. perceptual constancy C. linear perspective D. the figure-ground principle

answer

B. perceptual constancy

question

The pitch of a sound is a function of the sound wave's whereas the loudness of a sound is a function of the sound wave's____. A. frequency / amplitude · B. amplitude /frequency C. decibel level I melodic waveform D. melodic waveform I decibel level

answer

A. frequency / amplitude

question

Place theory states that ____? A. in vision, depth perception occurs because of a combination of binocular and monocular cues B. in vision, color perception occurs because of different types of cones C. in hearing, a cluster of neurons "volley" neural impulses in rapid succession. D. in hearing, each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane

answer

D. in hearing, each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane

question

Which of the following statements about cochlear implants is false? A. A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that is surgically implanted in the ear and head. B. Cochlear implants, like hearing aids, work by amplifying sound. C. Cochlear implants stimulate whatever working auditory nerves the recipient has in his or her cochlea with electronic impulses. D. Cochlear implants work best if they are inserted shortly after hearing loss.

answer

C. cochlear implants, like hearing aids, work by amplifying sound

question

Which of the following is true of auditory processing in the brain? A. Auditory information moves down the auditory pathway via electrochemical transmission in a less complex manner than does visual information in the visual pathways B. In the auditory system, information about sound moves from the auditory nerve to the hair cells of the inner ear. C. Most of the auditory information from the left ear goes to the right side of the brain, but some also goes to the left side of the brain D. Many synapses occur in the ascending auditory pathway, with all fibers proceeding directly to the hemisphere on the same side as the ear of reception

answer

C. Most of the auditory information from the left ear goes to the right side of the brain, but some also goes to the left side of the brain.

question

Which of the following is true of pain? A. Pain receptors differ anatomically. B. Pain receptors are similar in the type of physical stimuli to which they most readily react. C. Pain receptors have a much lower threshold for firing than receptors for temperature and touch. D. Pain receptors react mainly to physical stimuli that distort them or to chemical stimuli that irritate them into action

answer

D. pain receptors react mainly to physical stimuli that distort them or to chemical stimuli that irritate them into action.

question

Endorphin's are ____ A. neurotransmitters that function as natural opiates in producing pleasure and pain B. believed to be released mainly in the synapses of the fast pathway C. hormones that are involved the kinesthetic sense D. hormones that are involved in the vestibular sens

answer

A. neurotransmitters that function as natural opiates in producing pleasure and pain

question

The _____ senses provide information about movement, and orientation, whereas the _____ senses provide information about balance and movement. A. kinesthetic; vestibular B. vestibular; kinesthetic C. limbic; thalamic D. thalamic; limbi

answer

A. kinesthetic; vestibular

question

Which of the following components are essential to the definition of consciousness? A. Awareness and responsiveness B. Awareness and arousal C. Tolerance and arousal D. Alertness and tolerance

answer

B. Awareness and arousal

question

Awareness and arousal are associated with different parts of the brain. Awareness involves the____ . Arousal is determined by the ____. A. amygdala / hippocampus B. hippocampus / corpus callosum C. corpus callosum / hippocampus D. pre frontal cortex / reticular activating system

answer

B. hippocampus /corpus callosum

question

The concept of"theory of mind" is best described as____. A. thinking about thinking B. Individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences C. individuals' misinterpretation of their own subconscious thoughts D. the psychological answer to the metaphysical concept of a soul

answer

B. Individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences

question

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other mental activities are called____. A. controlled processes B. automatic processes C. altered state of consciousness D. no awareness processes

answer

B. automatic processes

question

Sleeping would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness? A. Higher-level consciousness B. Lower-level consciousness C. Subconscious awareness D. No awareness

answer

C. Subconscious awareness

question

The term circadian rhythm refers to_____. A. the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience B. daily behavioral or physiological cycles C. the experience of jet lag following an extensive transoceanic flight D. the cycle of five distinct stages that we expenence dunng a normal night s sleep

answer

B. daily behavioral or physiological cycles

question

Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to ____. A. increase memory performance B. decrease memory performance C. improve test scores D. increases long-term memory

answer

B. decrease memory performance

question

When you go to check on your sleeping child, you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. its likely that he is ____. A. in the lowest level of sleep B. dreaming C. in a hypnagogic state D. experiencing night terrors

answer

B. dreaming

question

REM sleep is initiated by a rise in ____, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive. A. serotonin B. norepinephrine C. acetylcholine D. cortisol

answer

C. acetylcholine

question

Insomnia is a disorder involving_____. A. the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep B. sudden uncontrollable seizures C. periodic attacks of uncontrollable sleepiness D. difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early

answer

D. difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early

question

Sleepwalking occurs during __ of the sleep cycle. A. stage I B. stage 2 C. stage 3 and stage 4 D. stage 5 and stage

answer

C. stage 3 and stage 4

question

Night terrors typically occur A. among older adults B. during non-REM sleep C. following sleep apnea D. within three hours of falling asleep

answer

B. during non-REM sleep

question

Nolan and his wife were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when he suddenly crashed to the floor in deep rem sleep. Nolan may suffer from ____? A. sleep apnea B. insomnia C. narcolepsy D. night terrors

answer

C. narcolepsy

question

_____is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work proper A. Sleep apnea B. Narcolepsy C. Night terrors D. Sleep deprivation syndrome

answer

A. sleep apnea

question

According to Sigmund Freud, dreams symbolize ______ A. our conscious thoughts and feelings B. unconscious wishes and hidden desires C. random neurological activity D. our biological urges and needs

answer

B. unconscious wishes and hidden desires

question

What theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming involves information processing, memory, and problem solving? A. Sigmund Freud's theory B. William James's theory C. Cognitive theory of dreaming D. Activation synthesis theory of dreaming

answer

C. Cognitive theory of dreaming

question

which of the following statements about research on psychoactive drug use is false? A. lllicit drug use as a global problem. B. The United States has the lowest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation. C: Drug. use among teens is associated with unplanned pregnancy, depression, and school-related difficulties. D. Declines in adolescent use of marijuana, LSD, ecstasy, steroids, and cigarettes are greater than that for other drugs.

answer

B. The United States has the lowest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation.

question

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect that a lower dose used to bring is called _____ A. dependence B. addiction c. tolerance D. psychoactivity

answer

C. tolerance

question

Your mother must always have an early morning cup of coffee. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses her daily doses of coffee, she gets a headache. The fact that your mother experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of ____ A. physical dependence B. psychological dependence C. a circadian rhythm anomaly D. a hypnogogic reverie

answer

A. physical dependence

question

Drug addiction occurs when____ A. an individual will lie about taking a drug B. a drug no longer causes a person to get high, but they take it again C. physical and/or psychological dependence develops D. a person can be without the drug no longer than five days

answer

C. physical and/or psychological dependence develops

question

Why do psychoactive drugs make people feel good? A. Psychoactive drugs increase epinephrine in the brain's reward pathways. B. Psychoactive drugs decrease epinephrine in the brain's reward pathways. C. Psychoactive drugs increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways. D. Psychoactive drugs decrease dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways.

answer

A. Psychoactive drugs increase epinephrine in the brain's reward pathways.

question

psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity are called? A. inhalents B. stimulants C. hallucinogens D. depressants

answer

D. depressants

question

Gloria can't get through the day without several cups of coffee and energy drinks. She says she needs the caffeine to function normally. What type of drug is Gloria dependent on? A. Stimulant B. Depressant C. Hallucinogen D. Narcotic

answer

A. Stimulant

question

Which category of drugs alters perception and mood and can cause feelings of unreal A. Stimulants B. Depressants C. Hallucinogens D. Narcotic

answer

C. hallucinogens

question

______is an altered state of consciousness or psychological state of altered attention in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestion A. Hypnosis B. Meditation C. Caffeinism D. Extrasensory perception (ESP

answer

A. Hypnosis

question

which of the following is an example of behavior? A. thinking of taking a family vacation B. Two people holding hands C. A students memory of a motorcycle trip. D. A baby's feelings when its mother leaves the room

answer

B. two people holding hands

question

according to the text, which of the following attitudes are central to scientific approach to psychology? A. critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity B.critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and subjectivity C. Critical thinking, curiosity, political correctness, and objectivity D. Critical .thinking, curiosity, political correctness, and subjectivity

answer

A. Critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity

question

which of the following statements about critical thinking is false? A. Critical thinking is the process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence. B.Critical thinking comes into play when scientists consider the conclusions they draw from research. C. Critical thinking increases the likelihood that conclusions will be based on unreliable personal beliefs, opinions, .and emotions. D. Critical thinkers question and test what some people say are facts.

answer

C. critical thinking increases the likelihood that conclusions will be based on unreliable personal beliefs, opinion, and emotions.

question

the empirical method best fulfills which of the following goals of science? A. Expectations B. Objectivity C. Subjectivity D. Political correctness

answer

B. Objectivity

question

psychology began as a science in the discipline of____? A. Philosophy B. Physics C. chemistry D. sociology

answer

A. philosophy

question

which of the following theorists used the structuralism approach to study human behavior? A.William James B. Wilhelm Wundt C. Charles Darwin D. Sigmund Freud

answer

B. Wilhelm Wundt

question

which school of psychology is Wilhelm wundt associated ? A. Functionalism B. Structuralism C. Humanism D. Behaviorism

answer

B. structuralism

question

______ involves using introspection to investigate the components of the mind, whereas____ probed the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptations to environment. A. Structuralism / functionalism B. Functionalism/ Structuralism C. Functionalism/ psycho-dynamic theory D. Behaviorism / structuralism

answer

A. structuralism/ functionalism

question

psychologist who adapt a ____ approach examine behavior and mental process through focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system. A. biological B. psycho-dynamic C. Behavioral D. Evolutionary

answer

C. biological

question

Dr. Zimand is studying the association between the functioning of specific brain structures and depression. its likely that Dr. Zimand specialized in the _____ approach to psychology? A. Behavioral B. cognitive C. evolutionary D. biological

answer

D. biological

question

the ____ approach emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavior responses and their environmental determinants A. Humanistic B. psychodynamic C. evolutionary D. Behavioral

answer

D. behavioral

question

J.B Watson and B.F. Skinner believed that ____ A. Consciousness should always be investigated through the process of individual introspection B.psychology should focus on an organism's visible interactions with the environment-that is, behaviors C. psychology should study both outwardly observed behaviors and inborn mental motivations D . psychological methods could be developed to study the process of human cognition

answer

B. psychology should focus on organisms visible interactions with environment that - that is behaviors

question

in his practice doctor Wagner stresses the role of unconscious process and unresolved childhood process. with which physical approach does this align ? A. Behavioral B. Cognitive C. psychodynamic D. Evolutionary

answer

C. psychodynamic

question

the ___ approach to psychology views the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system. this view contrast with ___ approach to psychology which focus on an organisms physical interactions with the environment. A. Behavioral/ cognitive B. Cognitive /Behavioral C. psychodynamic / Humanistic D. Humanistic / psychodynamic

answer

B. cognitive /behavioral

question

according to the ___, people have the ability to control there lives and not controlled by the environment. A. Humanistic approach B. psychodynamic approach C. evolutionary approach D. behaviorism approach

answer

A. humanistic Approach

question

according to ____ psychologist, your brain houses a "mind" who's mental processes allow you to remember, make decisions, plan, set goals, and be creative. A. psychodynamic B. Cognitive C. evolutionary D. humanistic

answer

B. Cognitive

question

the ___ approach relies on concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection when explaining human behavior A. Humanistic B. psychodynamic C. evolutionary D. behavior

answer

C. evolutionary

question

the ___ approach focuses on comparisons of behaviors across country's as well as on the behavior of individuals from different ethic and cultural groups within a country A. psychodynamic B. socialcultrual C. cognitive D. evolutionary

answer

B. socialcultural

question

which is the first step in conducting a scientific inquiry? A. Testing through empirical research B. observing some phenomenon C. Drawing conclusions D. Formulating hypotheses and prediction

answer

B. observing some phenomenon

question

which is the second step in the scientific method A. Testing through empirical research B. Evaluating conclusions C. drawing conclusions D.Formulating hypothesis and prediction

answer

D. formulating hypothesis and predictions

question

a correlation coefficient indicates the _____ A. strength and direction of association between two variables B. direction of the causal relationship between two variables C. extent to which demand characteristics have biased the results of the study D. extent to which experimenter bias has influenced the results of the study

answer

A. strength and direction of association between two variables

question

Professor Julian has suggested to his students that as study time increases grades increased the professor is describing a ____. A. means score B. Positive Correlation C. negative correlation D. standard deviation

answer

B. positive correlation

question

Professor jenny is interested in the association between sleet and cognitive performance he served made his students about the number of hours they slept the night before the exam and then correlated B sources with their tennis greats he found a class 0.81 correlation between these two variables what does this result mean? A. There is a high negative correlation between sleep and exam performance. B. There is a low negative correlation between sleep and exam performance. C.There is a high positive correlation between sleep and exam performance. D. There is a low positive correlation between sleep and exam performance

answer

C.There is a high positive correlation between sleep and exam performance.

question

Longitudinal research involves______ A. Observing and measuring the same variables periodically over time. B. randomly assigning participants to the control and experimental groups C.the random selection of participants within a particular population D. uncovering unconscious motives and conflicts

answer

A. observing and measuring the same variable periodically over time

question

Dr. Steinguard wants to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between stress and memory. Which of the following research methods should he use? A. Correlational studies B. Survey method C.Naturalistic observation . D.Experimental method

answer

D.Experimental method

question

_____refers to researchers 'allocation of participants to groups by chance, "to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups. A.Selection bias B. Experimenter bias C. Random assignment D. Random selection

answer

D. random selection

question

Which of the following research methods allow(s) researchers-to determine causality A Survey method B. Observations C. Experimental studies D. Case study

answer

C. Experimental studies

question

The _____ is a manipulated experimental factor and __ is the outcome A. dependent variable / independent variable B. Independent Variable/ dependent variable C. confounding variable/ independent variable D. dependent variable/ confounding variable

answer

B. independent variable/ dependent variable

question

in an experiment, the group that is NOT subjected to a treatment condition is known as the_____ A. control B. Treatment C. experimental D. Dependant

answer

A. Control

question

Dr, grant is conduction research on stress management. group A received progressive relaxation training prior to test taking, while group B received no training. group A is the ____, while group B is the _____. A treatment group / placebo group B. experimental group / control group C. control group I treatment group D. placebo group I control group

answer

B. experimental group / control group

question

The placebo effect is an example of a(n) A. experimenter bias B. participant bias C. random assignment bias D. random selection bias

answer

B. Participant bias

question

Choosing a group of 50 students from a roster of all students in a nearby school .and inviting them to participate in a study would be an example of one way to ____ A. execute a pilot study B. obtain a random sample C. obtain a sample of convenience D. reduce the potential for demand characteristic

answer

B. obtain a random sample

question

The _____ establishes ethical guidelines for its members. The _____ evaluates the ethical nature of research conducted at their colleges and universities A. Institutional Review Board (IRB)/ American psychological association (APA) B. American Psychologist association (APA) / Institution review board (IRB) C. County government/ state government D. State government/ county government

answer

B. American Psychologist association (APA) / Institution review board (IRB)

question

Deception in research is ethically allowed_____. A. under no circumstances B. Only when a double- blind study is used and all of the participants over 18 C. in the medical research only D. if the anticipated benefits outweigh the anticipated costs and participants are debriefed

answer

D.if the anticipated benefits outweigh the anticipated cost and participants are debriefed

question

The _____system is the body's electro-chemical communication circuitry. A. pulmonary B. nervous C. endocrine D. respirator

answer

B. nervous

question

The term plasticity refers to the _____. A flexibility of the endocrine system B. ability of people to adapt to new surroundings C. ability to connect electrical impulses and chemical messengers D. brain's special capacity for modification and change

answer

D. brain 's special capacity for modification and change

question

Information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles is sent through ____ thus enabling the body to move. A. afferent nerves B. efferent nerves C. pyramidal nerves D. olfactory nerves

answer

B. efferent nerves

question

The brain and spinal cord make up the_______ A. peripheral nervous system B. central nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. somatic nervous system

answer

B. central nervous system

question

The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the_____ A. sensory system B central nervous system C. Limbic system D. peripheral nervous system

answer

D. peripheral nervous system

question

The function of the____ is to take messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestionA. central nervous system B. autonomic nervous system C. somatic nervous system D. parasympathetic nervous system

answer

B. autonomic nervous system

question

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are components of the____ A. central nervous system B. endocrine system C. somatic nervous system D. autonomic nervous system

answer

D. autonomic nervous system

question

You are walking to school when you encounter a strange barking dog. You start sweating and contemplate whether you should run away..Which nervous system Is responsible for this ''fight-or-flight" reaction?A. somatic B. Sympathetic C. Parasympathetic D. central

answer

B. Sympathetic

question

After finishing a Psychology test, you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques. Doing these exercises should increase the response of the______ nervous system, which results in a slower heart and respiration rate and less muscular tension. A. somatic B. central C. parasympathetic D. sympathetic

answer

C. parasympathetic

question

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance, is called the_______. A. axon hillock B. terminal stub C. cell body D. stem-cell

answer

C. cell body

question

dendrites are_____? A. the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending information away from the cell body toward other cells B. the branch-like part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving Information from other neurons C. located inside the cell body D. the layer of fat cells that encase and insulate the neuron

answer

B. the branch-like part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving Information from other neurons

question

Samantha had a stroke. Doctors told her she sustained substantial damage to the occipital lobes. What type of deficiencies is Samantha likely to experience BS a result of this brain damage? A. she may be blind or unable to see clearly. B she will probably be unable to comprehend language C. She will probably have difficulties with memory function. D, She will probably suffer from impaired cognitive functioning (planning, .reasoning, and self-control will be negatively impacted)

answer

A. she may be blind or unable to see clearly

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