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Eustress

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The stress response to agreeable or positive stressors.

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Distress

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The stress response to unpleasant and undesirable stressors.

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Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

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Holmes and Rahe, among first to propose life-changing events are potentially stressors. Any event that required a life-adjustment can cause a stress. Life-changing events can have cumulative effect. Some links found between certain life events and illnesses.

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Acculturative stress

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Stress that occurs when people move to new countries or cultures and must adjust to a new way of life.

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General Adaptation Syndrome

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A specific pattern of physiological reactions to stressors that includes the alarm stage, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage.

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Reactions to trauma (3 F's)

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Fight, flight or freeze, physiological response prepare us for an emergency by efficiently managing the body's resources. If a person is exposed to a threatening situation for long periods of time, the fight-or-flight system remains active. This in turn can have detrimental effects on health.

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Comorbidity

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The occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time.

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Panic disorder

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A psychological disorder that includes recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and fear that can cause significant changes in behavior.

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Phobia

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An extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, GAD

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A psychological disorder characterized by an excessive amount of worry and anxiety about activities relating to family, health, school, and other aspects of daily life.

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PTSD

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A psychological disorder characterized by exposure to or threatened by an event involving death, serious injury, or sexual violence; can include disturbing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, and other distressing symptoms.

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Obsession

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A thought, an urge, or an image that happens repeatedly, is intrusive and unwelcome, and often cause anxiety and distress. Thought or fear.

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Social Anxiety

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Core social phobia seems to be an irrational fear of being embarrassed, judges, or critically evaluated by others (One of the most common psychological disorders. More prevalent among women than men).

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Learned Helplessness

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A tendency for people to believe they have no control over the consequences of their behaviors, resulting in passive behavior.

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Bipolar Disorder

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A mood disorder marked by dramatic swings in mood, ranging from manic episodes to depressive episodes.

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Manic episode

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States of continuous elation that are out of proportion to the setting, and can include irritability, very high and sustained levels of energy, and an "expansive" mood.

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Bipolar cycling

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Some people with bipolar disorder cycle between extreme highs and lows of emotion and energy that last for days, weeks, or even months. Periods of mania and depression may be brought on by life changes and stressors.

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Schizophrenia

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A disabling psychological disorder that can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal psychomotor behavior.

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Positive symptoms

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Excesses or distortions of normal behavior (which includes delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech. Above normal behavior).

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Negative symptoms

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Behaviors or characteristics that are limited or absent; includes social withdrawal, diminished speech, limited or no emotions, or loss of energy and follow-up.

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Personality disorder

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A group of psychological disorders that can include impairments in cognition, emotional responses, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control.

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Borderline personality disorder

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A psychological disorder distinguished by an incomplete sense of self, extreme self-criticism, unstable emotions, and feelings of emptiness.

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Narcissistic Personality disorder

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Significant problems sense of self-worth stemming from a powerful sense of entitlement. Believe they deserve special treatment, have special powers, are uniquely talented, especially brilliant or attractive.

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Antisocial personality disorder

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A psychological disorder distinguished by unethical behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, aggressiveness, disregard for others, and lack of remorse.

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Eating disorders

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A serious dysfunction in eating behavior that can involve restricting food consumption, obsessing over weight or body shape, eating too much, and purging.

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Anorexia nervosa

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One of most commonly known disorders; self-imposed restrictions; altered and distorted sense of body weight and figure; amenorrhea; brain damage; organ failure; highest rate of death of all psychological disorders, 20% from suicide. Identified by significant weight loss, an intense fear of being overweight, a false sense of body image, and a refusal to eat the proper amount of calories to achieve a healthy weight.

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Bulimia nervosa

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Characterized by extreme overeating followed by purging, with serious health risks. Recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging; decaying teeth; damage to throat and gastrointestinal disorders, and electrolyte imbalance; cardiac failure; 23 percent death from suicide.

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Dissociative disorders

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Psychological disorder distinguished by disturbances in normal psychological functioning; may include problems with memory, identity, consciousness, perception, and motor control.

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Dissociative disorders, Fugue

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Condition in which a person with dissociative amnesia wanders about in a confused and unexpected manner.

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Dissociative disorders, Amnesia

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Psychological disorder marked by difficulty remembering important personal information and life events.

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Dissociative identity disorder

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A psychological disorder that involves the occurrence of two or more distinct personalities within an individual. Multiple personality.

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Deinstitutionalism

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The mass movement of patients with psychological disorders out of mental institutions, and attempt to reintegrate them into the community. Medication came out and people treated in community instead of in hospitals.

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Systematic desensitization

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A treatment that combines anxiety hierarchies with relaxation techniques. Behavior modification, shot

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Behavior modification

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Therapeutic approach in which behaviors are shaped through reinforcement and punishment.

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Token economy

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A treatment approach that uses behavior modification to harness the power of reinforcement to encourage good behavior.

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ECT, Electroconvulsion Therapy

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Biomedical treatment of severe depression that induces seizures in the brain through electrical currents. Commonly used to treat depression; occasionally used to treat mania, schizophrenia. Used after other forms of treatment have failed to help. Half of patients relapse within six months.

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Tardive Dyskinesia

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An irreversible motor disorder characterized by severe, uncontrollable facial tics and grimaces, chewing movements, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.

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Mood stabilizers

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Psychotropic medications that minimize the lows of depression and the highs of mania.

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Lithium

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A medication to treatment of mania that is part of bipolar disorder. Decreased the amount of people who had were institutionalized. Used to treat bipolar disorder (manic depression), interrupt acute manic attacks, and prevent relapse.

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Family therapy

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A type of therapy that focuses on the family as an integrated system, recognizing that the interactions within it can create instability or lead to the breakdown of the family unit.

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Group therapy

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A group of people with one or two therapists. These groups usually center around a certain issue.

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Couples therapy

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Uses mainly different therapeutic approaches, tends to focus on conflict management and communication.

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Beck - CBT

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Cognitive Therapy; type of therapy aimed at addressing the maladaptive thinking that leads to maladaptive behaviors and feelings. In therapy mental frameworks (paradigms) containing cognitive errors are replacing with more positive beliefs.

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Ellis - REBT

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People tend to have unrealistic beliefs, often perfectionist in nature, about how they and others should think and act. Goal is to change irrational thoughts to realistic ones and arrive at self-acceptance. Therapy focuses on change of behavior and cognitions.

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Rogers- Client Centered

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Rogers emphasized positive nature of humankind and concentrates on present and current problems. Recognized humans have basic biological needs for food and sex and a desire to form close relationships, treat others with warmth, and mature as individuals.

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Freud - Psychodynamic

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Updated approach to psychoanalysis. Incorporated idea that personality and behaviors can often be traced to past unconscious conflicts and experiences. Shorter time in therapy, using face-to-face dialogue, direct approach, and feedback/advice.

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Erikson

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Only one that made a theory of life development from life to death. Proposed human development is marked by eight psychological stages from infancy to old age. Suggested each stage marked by developmental task or emotional crisis to be resolved. Unsuccessful resolution results in difficulty at next stage.

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Maslow

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Hierarchy of needs. A continuum of needs that are universal and ordered in term of the strength of their associated drives. Physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, and esteem needs.

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Roger

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Self-concept, unconditional positive regard, and conditional positive regard

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Self-concept

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The knowledge an individual has about his strengths, abilities, behavior patterns, and temperature.

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Unconditional positive regard

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The total acceptance or valuing of a person, regardless of behavior.

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Conditional positive regard

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Child's sense of being valued and loved only if he or she behaves in a way that is acceptable to others.

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Freud

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The foundations of adult personality are established during the first five years of life, as the child progresses through the oral, anal, and phallic psychosexual stages.

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Humanism

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An approach suggesting that human nature is by and large positive, and the human direction is toward growth.

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Behaviorist

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The scientific study of observable behavior.

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Psychoanalysis

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Freud proposed that humans are motivated by aggression and sex. Acting on these drives are not always compatible with social norm. A conflict is created and the drives are repressed. Repression affects moods and behaviors. Psychoanalysis attempts to increase awareness of conflicts and work through them.

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Prison study

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Supposed to last 2 weeks, only made it 6 days. Half of the students were guards and the other half of the students were prisoners. Guards wore military uniform and had mirrored sunglasses. Prisoners were only known as their numbers. Conducted against a backdrop of protest from the Vietnam War. Prisoners were stripped and deloused. Guards acted cruel and inhumane, on day 2 there was a prisoner rebellion. Guards responded by acting tougher. Guards punished them by getting them up at random times in the night and cleaning toilets with their bare hands. At the end of the experiment Prisoners felt shame and guards felt guilt.

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Asch conformity

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Participants in this experiment were asked to look at the lines on two cards, announcing which of the comparison lines was closest in length to the standard line. If no one else disagrees with the group, the group the test subject won't disagree. If at least one other person disagrees with the group, the test subject is more likely to disagree with the group.

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Milgram obedience study

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Milgram's research illuminated the dangers of human obedience. Feeling pressure from authority figures, participants were willing to administer what they believed to be painful and life-threatening electric shocks to others. Two-thirds of Milgram's subjects—26 of the 40—were fully compliant and went to the full 450-volt level. Of those who defied the experimenter, not one stopped before the 300-volt level. No difference between men and women.

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Piaget

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Theory of children and how they develop cognitively and how their thought process changes.

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Bobo Doll study

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Bandura and colleagues revealed the speed with which children adopted aggressive behaviors modeled by adults with his classic Bobo doll experiment. The children in the film imitated the actions of the woman they watched abusing the Bobo doll.

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Little Albert

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Little Albert was an 11-month-old baby who developed a fear of rats through his participation in an ethically questionable experiment by John B. Watson. When little Albert heard the loud band, it was an unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicited fear, the unconditioned response (UR). Through conditioning, the sight of the rat became paired with the loud noise, and thus the rat went from being a neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus (CS). Little Albert's dear of the rat became a conditioned response (CR).

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Strange Situation

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Ainsworth, Mother-child dyads were observed in a playroom under four conditions. Initial mother-child interaction. Mother leaves infant alone in playroom. Friendly stranger enters playroom. Mother returns and greets child. Four kinds of attachment securely, insecurely, avoidant and anxious.

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Pavlov's dogs

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1849-1936. This observation led to Pavlov's discovery of the process of classical conditioning, in which we learn to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that produces an automatic, natural response. The crucial stage of this process involves repeated pairings of the two stimuli.

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Stress

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Response to perceived threats or challenges resulting from stimuli or events that cause strain.

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Type A personality

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Competitive, aggressive, impatient, and often hostile pattern of behaviors.

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Type B personality

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Relaxed, patient, and nonaggressive pattern of behaviors

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Type D personality

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Characterized by emotions like worry, tension, bad moods, and social inhibition; tend to avoid dealing with their problems directly and don't take advantage of social support.

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Psychological disorder

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Set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive symptoms that are significantly distressing and disabling in terms of social functioning, work endeavors, and other aspects of life.

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Abnormal Psychology

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Academic field devoted to the study of psychological disorders. (Psychological disorder mental disorder, mental illness, psychiatric illness, mental disability, mental disease, abnormal psychology, experimental psychopathology, clinical psychology.)

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DSM-5

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Trained mental health professionals use the DSM-5 to diagnose psychological disorders. The manual is designed to summarize the signs and symptoms of disorders for the clinician to use as an evaluative tool.

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Depressive disorders

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Dysfunction relating to profound sadness, feelings of emptiness, and irritable mood.

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Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

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Dysfunction relating to obsessions and/or compulsions that cause distress and disrupt day-to-day functioning.

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Biology of panic disorder

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May be related to smaller amygdala which is involved in fight-or-flight response, fear and aggression, and memories associated with these emotions.

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Psychotherapy

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Understanding origins of problems to deal with them. Changing thoughts and behaviors that precede issues. Correcting disorders from physical standpoint.

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Biomedical Therapy

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Drugs and other physical interventions that target the biological process underlying psychological disorders. Primary goal is to reduce symptoms.

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Humanistic therapies

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Person-centered therapy. Natural tendency toward self-actualization but family and social influences may hinder growth and can cause incongruence between ideal self and real self. Main treatment goal is reduction of incongruence between these selves. Therapeutic alliance based on mutual respect and caring: empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness and active listening.

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Behavior therapy

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Exposure, response prevention and systematic desensitization.

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Exposure

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Technique of placing clients in feared situations without any risk. Extinction used to eliminate learned, fearful associations.

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Response prevention

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Person is encouraged to confront feared object or situation to prevent normal, fearful response. Fear response eventually diminishes or disappears.

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Aversion therapy

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Links problem behaviors to unpleasant physical reactions. Goal to have people have involuntary and unpleasant physical reaction to undesired behavior.

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Psychopharmacology

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Scientific study of how these medications alter perceptions, moods, behaviors, and other aspects of psychological functioning. Drugs can be divided into four categories: antidepressant, mood-stabilizing, antipsychotic, and anti-anxiety.

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Antipsychotic drugs

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Psychotropic medication used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. Drugs are designed to block neurotransmitter receptors; often used to reduce dopamine activity in brain (antagonist).

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Antianxiety drugs

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Psychotropic medications used for treating the symptoms of anxiety disorders, including panic disorders, social phobias, and generalized anxiety disorders.

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