General Psychology- Chapters 6-8 – Flashcards
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process by which behavior or knowledge changes as a result of experience
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learning
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studying for test
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cognitive learning
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no one teaches
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associative learning
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whatever stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning
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unconditioned stimulus
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reaction to reflex (unlearned response)
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unconditioned response
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once neutral stimulus that will elicit a conditioned response because of the history of being paired of the history and response
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conditioned stimulus
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learned response that occurs because of the conditioned stimulus
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conditioned response
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initial phase of learning- when you develop a response
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acquisition
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when is there a sharper increase in learning?
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when paired consistantly
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loss or weakening of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus
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extinction
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reoccurance of a previous extinguished response
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spontaneous recovery
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consist of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific type of object or situation
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conditioned emotional responses
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the acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with illness
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conditioned taste aversion
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refers to the biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli
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preparedness
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what are classical conditionings related to?
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cravings and tolerances (cues & physiological responses)
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a type of learning in which behavior is determined by consequences
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operant conditioning
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what always decreases behavior?
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punishment
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what type of behaviors are repeated?
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ones that bring the rewards
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event that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again
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reinforcement
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a process that decreases the future probability of a response
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punishment
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memory store with limited capacity and duration (less than a minute)
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short term memory
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memory store that holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently
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long term memory
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shiffrin model
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atkinson
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how you move information between memories
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control process
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1/2 to a full second-visual
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iconic memory
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up to 5 seconds-hearing
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echoic memory
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has limited compacity and duration (7 +/- 2)
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short term memory
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most people will recall the 1st few items from a list & the last, but only an item or 2 from the middle
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serial position effect
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extended period of time or permanently- no limited compacity
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long term memory
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1st few items
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primary effect
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last few items
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recency effect
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help form memories- long term
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hippocampus
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short term
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sensory information areas
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model of short term memory; combination of memory components; temporary story of small information for a small amount of time; new and old information
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working memory
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storage component of working memory through rehearsal and store information as sounds, specialized regions of brain
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phonological loop
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maintains visual images
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visuospatial sketch pad
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blending information, understanding the context
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episodic buffer
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organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units
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chunking
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things you remember (youre aware of) - semantic/episodic
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declarative
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things you do without awareness - procedural/conditioning
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nondeclarative
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profound loss of at least one form of memory
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amnesia
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inability to remember what was already known at the onset of amnesia
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retrograde amnesia
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deal with trama or injury
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amnesia
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inability or limited ability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia
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anterograde amnesia
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prolonging exposure to information by repeating it
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maintenance rehearsal
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prolonging exposure to information by repeating it
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maintenance rehearsal
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predicts that retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding
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encoding specificity principle
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area where you learn
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context-dependent learning
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internal conditions same as when learned
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state-dependent learning
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emotions while learning
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mood-dependent learning
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an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and its surrounding conditions
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flashbulb memory
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techniques that are intended to improve memory for specific information
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memonics
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an organized cluster of memories that constitutes one's knowledge about events, objects, and ideas
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schema
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a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details
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constructive memory
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memories of traumatic event that are suddenly recovered after being blocked for a long period of time
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recovered memories
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the mental representation of an object, event, or idea
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concept
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clusters of interrelated concepts
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categories
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claims that objects or events are categorized according to a certain set of rules or frames
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classical categorization
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mental representations of an average category member
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prototypes
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the language we encounter and use determines how we understand the world
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linguistic relativity
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means accomplishing a goal when the solution or the path to the solution is not clear
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problem solving
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steps of problem solving
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initial state, goal state, obstacles, operators
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problem-solving strategies based on a series of rules
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algorithms
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problem solving-strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess
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heuristics
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occurs when an individual identifies a potential operator, but can think of only its most obvious function
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functional fixedness
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making judgments of likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category
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representativeness heuristic
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entails estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind
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availability heuristic
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occurs when attempting to solve a problem involving numbers, by using previous knowledge to keep the response within a limited range
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anchoring effect
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two types of consumers
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satisficers and maximizers
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"good enough"
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satisficers
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evaluate every option
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maximizers
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a form of communication involving the use of spoken, written, or gestural symbols that are combined in a rule-based form
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language
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communicate objects and events in the past, use it for imagination, communicate time, produce new meanings, passed down naturally to children
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unique features of language
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most basic of units of speech sounds
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phonemes
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smallest meaningful units of language
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morphemes
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the study of how people come to understand the meaning from words
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semantics
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the language recipe- the rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences
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syntax
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the study of nonlinguistic elements of language use
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pragmatics
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speech comprehension
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wernicke's area
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speech production
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broca's area
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language disorders caused by damage to the language structures of the brain
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aphasias
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what are brains primed to develop?
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language skills
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when does ability fades start?
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seventh year
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the ability to map words onto concepts or objects after only a single exposure
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fast mapping
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prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning
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elaborative rehearsal
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memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time
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sensory memory
