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A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.

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motivation

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Complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned.

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Instincts

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The idea that a physiological need creates and aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

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Drive Reduction Theory

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Basic bodily requirements.

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physiological needs

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An aroused, motivated state, that PUSHES us into action, often created by deprivation of a needed substance. An intrinsic motivator.

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drive

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A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior, and PULLS us into action. An extrinsic motivator

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incentive

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Theory that states that human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it.

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Arousal Theory

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Name of the founder of the humanistic approach to psychology.

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Abraham Maslow

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Maslow's pyramid of human needs; at the base are physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active.

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hierarchy of needs

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs (five levels): 1)_______; 2) safety; 3) belongingness and love; 4) esteem; 5) self-actualization.

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physiological needs

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs (five levels): 1) physiological needs; 2)_______; 3) belongingness and love ; 4) esteem; 5) self-actualization.

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safety

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs (five levels): 1) physiological needs; 2) safety; 3)_______; 4) esteem; 5) self-actualization.

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belongingness and love

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs (five levels): 1) physiological needs; 2) safety; 3) belongingness and love ; 4)_______; 5) self-actualization.

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esteem

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs (five levels): 1) physiological needs; 2) safety; 3) belongingness and love ; 4) esteem; 5) _______.

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self-actualization

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Type of need: need to satisfy hunger and thirst.

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physiological

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Type of need: need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; to feel safe, secure and stable.

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safety

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Type of need: need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted, to avoid loneliness and alienation.

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belongingness and love

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Type of need: need for self-esteem, achievement, competence and independence, need for recognition and respect from others.

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esteem

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Type of need: need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential.

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self actualization

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Part of the brain that receives messages from the stomach, liver and intestines about levels of glucose in the blood.

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hypothalamus

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Mental process that plays an important part in hunger, so that amnesia patients eat frequently if given food.

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memory

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The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

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set point

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The body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

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basal metabolic rate

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_______ influences our body type and the "set point" of the body's weight 'thermostat'.

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heredity

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Two factors that influence when we feel hunger and what we feel hungry for.

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body chemistry and environment

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The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body issues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

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glucose

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An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent woman) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) under weight. Continuously loses weight but still feels overweight.

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anorexia nervosa

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An eating disorder in which a person alternates episodes of binge-eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (vomiting, laxative use), fasting or excessive exercise.

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bulimia nervosa

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1) sexual abuse (which contributes - but does not cause - eating disorders); 2) family (having an excessive concern with weight); 3) genetics; 4) sports.

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Four reasons for eating disorders

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Disorder characterized by being excessively overweight.

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obesity

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1) cardiovascular disease; 2) heart disease; 3) diabetes; 4) hypertension; 5) arthritis; 6) back problems; 7) cancer 8) gallstones; 9) shorter life expectancy; 10) death.

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Ten health issues increased by obesity

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1) cardiovascular disease; 2) heart disease; 3) diabetes; 4) hypertension; 5) arthritis; 6) back problems; 7) cancer 8) gallstones; 9) shorter life expectancy; 10) death.

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Ten health issues increased by obesity

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Number of fat cells in a normal body.

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30 to 40 billion

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How many times can a fat cell increase in size?

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2 to 3

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Number of fat cells that an obese person can reach.

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75 billion

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How TV contributes to increase of weight.

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Inactivity

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1) be motivated; 2) begin a weight loss program; 3) minimize exposure to tempting foods; 4) exercise/ 5) forgive yourself for lapses.

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Five steps to losing weight

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1) hypothalamus monitoring appetite; 2) appetite hormones; 3) stomach pangs; 4) weight set point; 5) universal attraction of sweet and salty; 6) adaptive wariness toward novel foods.

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Six BIOLOGICAL factors in weight

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1) sight and smell of a variety of tasty foods; 2) memory of time elapsed since last meal; 3) mood.

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Three PSYCHOLOGICAL factors in weight

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1) culturally learned taste preferences; 2) learned restraint in cultures idealizing thinness; 3) expected serving size.

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Three SOCIO-CULTURAL factors in weight

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1) protect us against predators; 2) procure food; 3) reproduce.

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Social bonds helps us to

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1) wanting to belong; 2) social acceptance; 3) maintaining relationships; 4) ostracism.

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Elements of belongingness

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A sense of belonging with others that increase our self esteem. Decreased by social segregation.

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social acceptance

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Social exclusion that leads to demoralization, depression and sometimes nasty behavior.

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ostracism

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A response of the whole organism, involving 1) physiological arousal, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience.

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emotion

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Internal component of emotion; the triggering of the sympathetic nervous system.

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physiological activation

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External reaction component of emotion.

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expressive behaviors

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The cognitive component of emotion.

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conscious experience

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The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

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sympathetic nervous system

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Theory of emotion proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, that to experience emotion we must 1) be physically aroused and 2) cognitively label the arousal.

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Two Factor Theory

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Level of arousal that produces the optimal performance on difficult tasks.

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low

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Level of arousal that produces the optimal performance on easy tasks.

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high

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Part of the brain that is activated in emotions of anger and rage. Doesn't involve much processing higher in the cerebral cortex.

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amygdala

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Two emotions (in alphabetical order) that are processed in the amygdale because they are linked to survival and don't need higher analysis or interpretation.

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anger and fear

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Part of the brain that processes complex emotions such as boredom, guilt, jealousy, surprise, happiness - which are less directly linked to survival than other emotions.

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cerebral cortex

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Hemisphere in which the emotion of happiness is processed.

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left

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Hemisphere in which the emotion of depression is processed.

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right

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Process that interprets arousal into an emotional response.

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cognition (appraisal)

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The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger or happiness.

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facial feedback effect

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Activating, often unconsciously, association in our mind, thus setting us up to perceive or remember objects or events in certain ways.

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priming

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The emotion that is faster to detect from a crowd of faces, through nonverbal communication: anger or happiness.

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Anger

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Do cultures recognize the same emotions from facial expressions?

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yes

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Sex that is better at discerning nonverbal emotions.

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female

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Sex that is more expressive of emotions.

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female

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Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

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adaption-level phenomenon

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The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

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relative deprivation

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1) expressiveness; 2) presence of others; 3) cultural expectations.

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Three SOCIAL-CULTURAL influences on emotions

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1) physiological arousal; 2) evolutionary adaptiveness; 3) response pathways in the brain; 4) spillover effect.

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Four BIOLOGICAL influences on emotions

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1) cognitive labeling; 2) gender differences

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Two PSYCHOLOGICAL influences on emotions

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Term for when an arousal response to one event can fuel our response to the next event.

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spill over

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Joy; anger; interest; disgust; surprise; sadness; fear, contempt, shame and guilt

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ten emotions

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1) contempt; 2) shame; 3) guilt.

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three emotions not present in infancy

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Emotional release, such as venting (releasing) anger through action or fantasy.

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catharsis

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Expressing anger breeds more anger, is habit forming though what process?

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reinforcement

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1) perceive world as safer; 2) make decisions more easily; 3) more cooperative; 4) live healthier, 5) more energized and 6) satisfying lives.

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six effects of happiness

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Emotion that is associated with being more willing to help others.

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happiness

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Recent school of psychology that focuses on being grateful for what you have.

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positive psychology

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Our tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

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feel-good, do-good phenomenon

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The self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measure of objective well-being (such as indicators of physical wellbeing) to evaluate our quality of life.

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subjective well-being

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Number of hours after we wake up that our positive moods takes to rise to a maximum.

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6 to 7

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What is more or less the pattern of a negative mood throughout the day?

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same

question

Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs tend to _________.

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balance

General Psychology Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion – Flashcards

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