General Psychology Chapter 7 – Flashcards
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memory
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Our ability to store and retrieve information, and any indication that learning has persisted over time.
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encoding
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Term for getting information into long term memory
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storage
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Term for retention of encoded information
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retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage
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Three Stage model
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Model of memory with three stages: a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory (working memory), and c) long-term memory.
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sensory memory
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The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
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working memory
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Other name for short term memory. Conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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0.5 to 3 seconds
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Duration of sense memory
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20 to 30 seconds
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Duration of short term memory (working memory)
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relatively permanent
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Duration of long term memory
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fading
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How memory is lost from sensory memory
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environmental interference
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How memory is lost from short term (working) memory
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lack of use
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How memory is lost from long term memory.
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5 to 9 items
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Capacity of short term memory
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unlimited
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Capacity of long term memory.
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attention
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How we encode information from sensory memory into short term (working) memory (except for personal experience).
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practice and rehearsing
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How we get information from short term (working) memory into long term memory.
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long term memory
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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
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automatic processing
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Effortless encoding of information about space, time and frequency.
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effortful processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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rehearsal
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Effortful learning involving conscious repetition of information either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
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spacing effect
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The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. A memory effect.
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serial position effect
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The tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list, but poor in the middle. Overcome by distributed practice. A memory effect.
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encoding meaning
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Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine. It results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding
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visual encoding
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Using mental pictures (imagery) as a powerful aid to effortful processing. e.g. Loci system of memory - visualizing items in locations.
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organizing information
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Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories. E.g. Chunking and hierarchies
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chunking
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Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. e.g. Acronyms
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hierarchy
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Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
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flashbulb memory
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A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
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implicit memory
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Type of long term memory, retained vial learned skills or conditioning, often without conscious awareness of learn. It is processed in the cerebellum.
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explicit memory
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Type of long term memory of facts and personal events that involves conscious recall. It is processed in the hippocampus.
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3 years
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Age of a child before which the hippocampus is not fully formed, so explicit memories cannot be fully formed.
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anterograde amnesia
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Condition where a person has no memory for new events, such as when there is damage to the hippocampus.
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retrograde amnesia
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Condition where a person has no memory of old events, such as anything before an accident or stressful event.
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recognition
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memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
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recall
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memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
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relearning
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Memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time.
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mood congruent memory
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The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current mood (good or bad)
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déjà vu
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Unconscious retrieval of a memory of an earlier similar experience.
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state dependent memory
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Memory that is recalled because you are in the same physiological state as when you were learning the information
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mood dependent memory
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Memory that is recalled because you are in the same mood as when you were learning the information.
