General Psychology : chapter 1 – Flashcards
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The manipulated variable
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independent variable
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The measured variable
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Dependent variable
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The people who receive some level of the independent variable
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Experimental group
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The people who receive none of the independent variable, to serve as a comparison
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Control group
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The quantifiable description of a variable
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Operational definition
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"Tell me how the group sessions have helped you become a stronger person."
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Humanistic
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"Tell me what you did in response to the change in plans."
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Behaviorism
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"Tell me the overall feeling you have when you dance."
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Gesalt
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"Tell me how you arrived at your decision."
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Cognitive
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"What are your dreams about?"
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Psychoanalytic
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Variables that are not intentionally manipulated but could have an effect on the dependent measure are confounds.
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Confound Variables
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Behavior is influenced by conflicts in the unconscious mind.
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psychoanalytic
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People's behaviors and development are driven by a desire to improve their lives.
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humanistic
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Psychology should only study events that can be directly observed.
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behaviorism
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Behavior is influenced by people's intelligence, memory, and thoughts—not just by the rewards and punishments they have received.
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cognitive
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It is important to understand how the mind has adapted to perform certain tasks that allow us to survive.
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functionalism
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An experience can be analyzed by looking at the individual pieces that make it up.
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structuralism
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Experiences should not be broken down into their constituent parts.
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Gestalt
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studying how hormone levels affect behavior in pregnant rats
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Biological
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studying how having siblings affects development of friendly behavior
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Social
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studying how happiness level can affect one's experience of college classes
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Individual
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studying how international students adapt to Western universities
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Cultural
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In studying hospitalized children, a biological psychologist might look at how their brains were affected by the hospital treatment, a developmental psychologist would compare their growth to normal children's growth, a cognitive psychologist might study the children's performance at problem solving, and a clinical psychologist would focus on how the hospital setting affected the children emotionally.
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Match the psychological field with associated characteristic
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-memory -brain process -perception -language
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What does a cognitive nueroscientist study?
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-mood disorders -interactions with others -traits -overt behavior
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What doesn't a cognitive nueroscientist study?
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social psychologist: studying how the child's friends at school might be preventing her from concentrating cultural psychologist: looking at how the beliefs, norms, and values from the child's home country may be affecting her school performance personality psychologist: looking into whether her inability to do well in school is an enduring trait that will persist over time
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A child who has just moved to this country is not learning to her potential in school. If a team of psychologists works together to solve her problem, what can each contribute?
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A health psychologist randomly assigns people to meditate in the morning, at night, or not at all. After eight weeks, people rate their overall moods.
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Experimental study
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A positive psychologist measures the relationship between spirituality and happiness.
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Correlational Study
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A cognitive psychologist sends out a questionnaire to all incoming students to determine their computer skills.
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Self-report study
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A social psychologist spends the afternoon at the mall and unobtrusively records how teenagers act in groups.
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Observational study
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-how a person reacts to positive comments -how visualization affects recalling what grocery store items to buy -how personality type affects health
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Which of the following represent the study of psychology from an individual level of analysis?
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-how hormone therapy affects a person's mood -how growing up in a coal mining community affects work ethic -how having visitors affects nursing home residents
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Which of the following does not represent the study of psychology from an individual level of analysis?
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Functionalism began with ________, who argued that ______________'s emphasis on the mind's component parts left out the mind's role in enabling us to adapt to our ___________. This view drew inspiration from _________'s theory of _______ through natural selection.
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-William James - Structuralism - environment -Charles Darwin -Evolution
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introspection
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A person in a laboratory is asked to taste and describe her conscious experience of two different drinks. The person talks about how sweet each drink tastes to her, what the drinks remind her of, and which one she finds most pleasant. What method is being used to study her subjective experience of the drinks?
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studies how underlying brain structure and genetics influence cognitive functioning and behavior
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biological psychologist
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studies changes in morals over a lifespan
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developmental psychologist
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studies speed of processing new information
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cognitive psychologist
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studies enduring characteristics of people
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personality psychologist
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According to _____, what matters is what people do, and how ______ forces teach them to act one way rather than another. By contrast, _________ investigates ________, including learning through _______ alone.
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-Behaviorism -Environmental -Cognitive psychology -Mental Processes -Observation
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When a psychologist simply records the relationship between two variables without manipulating them, it is called a ________ study. The observed relationship does not by itself reveal which variable _____ the other. This is the _____ problem. Also, the relationship may be due to a ______ controlling both of the observed variables.
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-correlational -causes -directionally -third variable
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As a science, psychology gains knowledge through observation and _______. This approach is called ______, and the step-by-step implementation is called the ________, which follows systematic steps in a bias-free way, in order to obtain _______ results.
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-measurement -empiricism -scientific method reproducible
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Experimental psychology began with ______, who gathered objective data on people's _______ and subjective data from people describing their experiences. ________used the latter approach, called the method of introspection, to develop a psychological theory known as ______.
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-Wilhelm Wundt -Reaction times -Edward Titchener -Structuralism
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random sampling
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A researcher wants to test whether watching cat videos makes people happier, but he doesn't want to only include people with cats in his study, so he looks in his phone directory and invites everyone with last names beginning in A to participate.
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random sampling
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For a study on how users experience a travel booking website, one out of every 50 people who visits the site is invited to participate in a survey, regardless of whether they are trying to book hotels, flights, or just browsing.
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random assignment
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A researcher wants to test the effect of turning up the heat on seasonal depression, but does not want everyone with a history of depression to be in the control group, so she alternates between assigning people to the experimental and control group in the order that they respond to her offer to participate in the study.
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random assignment
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In a study about how drinking coffee affects how friendly people feel, the experimenter does not want all of the regular coffee drinkers to be in one group, so he assigns everyone whose first names start with a letter in the first half of the alphabet to the experimental group and people with names in the second half of the alphabet to the control group.
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-A psychologist talks to the elderly participants at a senior center about which activities they like and asks them to suggest other activities they would enjoy. -An industrial/organizational psychologist collects surveys that describe people's favorite incentives. -A social psychologist studies the aggressive behaviors displayed at a video arcade. -A school psychologist keeps detailed records on how an autistic child learns. -A forensic psychologist infiltrates a criminal group to study the group's activities.
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Which of the following are examples of descriptive research methods?
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-A psychologist randomly assigns children to study either alone or in groups, and then tests the children on what they remember. -A psychologist measures the relationship between people's ages and the number of hours of TV they watch.
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Which of the following are not examples of descriptive research methods?
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the Hawthorne effect
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A middle-school psychologist wants to determine which program decreases unfriendly behaviors in adolescents. He implements an anti-bullying program, and the students' teasing behaviors decrease. He then implements an afterschool "random acts of kindness" program, and again the unfriendly behaviors decrease. However, when the psychologist stops observing the adolescents, their unfriendly behaviors return to their original levels. The name for this phenomenon is ____________.
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Introspection is a _______ process, which means it is not a reliable method for examining psychological processes that are consistent across different individuals.
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-Subjective
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Industrial/organizational psychology is the study of psychology as it relates to the ________. This includes both questions about how workers are best ______ and questions about how to maximize _______ and minimize _______.
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-the workplace -motivated -efficiency -accidents
