General Psychology (Ch. 13, 15-16) – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
a dispostion to behave consistently in a particular way
answer
Trait
question
the points at which a person moves from not having a particular response to having one
answer
Behavioral thresholds
question
adaptive solutions to problems of survival and reproduction
answer
Mechanisms
question
a technique in behavioral genetics that looks for the location on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors
answer
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach
question
one of Freud's three levels of consciousness; it contains all the drives, urges, or instincts that are outside awareness but nonetheless motivate most of our speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions
answer
Unconscious
question
one of Freud's provinces of the mind; the seat of impulse and desire; the part of our personality that we do not yet own; it owns or controls us
answer
Id
question
one of Freud's provinces of the mind; a sense of self; the only part of the mind that is in direct contact with the outside world; it operates on the "reality principle"
answer
Ego
question
one of Freud's provinces of the mind; the part of the self that monitors or controls behavior; it "stands over us' and evaluates our actions in terms of right and wrong; hence, our conscience
answer
Superego
question
unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way
answer
Defense mechanisms
question
a defense mechanism that occurs when an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse ins turned into its opposite
answer
Reaction formation
question
a defense mechanism in which people deny particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and project them onto others
answer
Projection
question
a defense mechanism that involves expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable way
answer
Sublimation
question
according to Adler, the major drive behind all behavior, whereby humans naturally strive to overcome their inherent inferiorities or deficiencies both physical and psychological
answer
Striving for superiority
question
an unhealthy need to dominate or upstage others as a way of compensating for feelings of deficiency
answer
Inferiority complex
question
according to Jung, a form of consciousness that consists of all our repressed and hidden thoughts, feelings, and motives
answer
Personal unconsciousness
question
according to Jung, a form of consciousness that consists of the shared experiences of our ancestors--God, mother, life, death, water, earth, aggression, survival--that have been passed down from generation to generation
answer
Collective unconscious
question
ancient or archaic images that result from common ancestral experiences
answer
Archetypes
question
according to Jung, the dark and morally objectionable part of ourselves
answer
Shadow
question
according to Jung, the female part of the male personality
answer
Anima
question
according to Jung, the male part of the female personality
answer
Animus
question
a new scientific movement started in the late 1990s that combined Freudian ideas with neuroscientific methods
answer
Neuropsychoanalysis
question
acceptance of another person regardless of his or her behavior
answer
Unconditional positive regard
question
the occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time
answer
Comorbidity
question
a childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward-focused behaviors
answer
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
question
psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by an inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions
answer
Psychotic disorders
question
a psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including hallucinations
answer
Schizophrenia
question
symptoms that include non responsiveness, immobility, emotional flatness, problems with speech, and inability to complete tasks
answer
Negative symptoms
question
problems with working memory, attention, verbal, and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing, and speech
answer
Cognitive symptoms
question
explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions (diathesis) plus stress or an abusive environment
answer
Diathesis-stress model
question
the highest-order category of the depressive disorders; it subsumes all forms of depression, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
answer
Depressive disorder
question
a mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least 2 consecutive weeks
answer
Major depressive disorder
question
a form of depression that is milder in intensity but longer in duration than major depressive disorder
answer
Persistent depressive disorder
question
a mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low and very high moods
answer
Bipolar disorder
question
one mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and "racing" thoughts that last at least 1 week
answer
Manic episodes
question
consists of same symptoms as manic episodes but are shorter in duration
answer
Hypomanic episodes
question
a state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months
answer
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
question
brief episodes of anxiety associated with a perception of threat and occurring because of fear of danger, and inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects
answer
Panic attacks
question
an anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks
answer
Panic disorder
question
an anxiety disorder involving fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available, should a panic attack occur
answer
Agoraphobia
question
an anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behaviors
answer
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
question
an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress
answer
Obsession
question
a repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules
answer
Compulsion
question
a type of trauma- and stressor-related disorder that involves intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered by catastrophic or horrifying events
answer
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
question
psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness
answer
Dissociative disorders
question
a dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions
answer
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
question
an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusively, and lack of humor
answer
Schizoid personality disorder
question
an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to lice in an isolated and asocial life but also by the presence of food thoughts, perceptual distortions, and beliefs
answer
Schizotypal personality disorder
question
an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways
answer
Paranoid personality disorder
question
a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and by dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behaviors
answer
Histrionic personality disorder
question
a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by out-of-control emotions, fear of being abandoned by others, and validation between idealizing and despising people who are close to the person with the disorder
answer
Borderline personality disorder
question
a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by having an extremely positive and arrogant self-mage and being extraordinarily self-centered; other symptoms are an exaggerated sense of self-importance and grandiosity
answer
Narcissistic personality disorder
question
a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by extremely impulsive, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious and potentially dangerous disorder
answer
Antisocial personality disorder
question
an anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction
answer
Avoidant personality disorder
question
an anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and a strong need to be cared for
answer
Dependent personality disorder
question
an anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism; more general than obsessive-compulsive disorder
answer
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
question
a form of psychosurgery in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are severed; it is no longer in use
answer
Prefrontal lobotomy
question
the treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a person's brain in order to induce a seizure
answer
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
question
repetitive, involuntary movements of the jaw, tongue, face, and mouth and body tremors resulting from the extended use of traditional antipsychotic drugs
answer
Tardive dyskinesia
question
a salt that is preserved for its ability to stabilize the mania associated with bipolar disorder
answer
Lithium
question
a treatment for severe depression involving exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity
answer
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
question
the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior
answer
Psychotherapy
question
therapy aimed at uncovering the unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems
answer
Psychoanalytic therapy
question
a psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be
answer
Free association
question
the process in psychotherapy in which the client to a person in a present relationship as though that person are someone from the client's past
answer
Transference
question
the process of releasing intense, often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic setting
answer
Catharsis
question
a form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the client
answer
Client-centered therapy
question
treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome
answer
Evidence-based therapies
question
the finding that most forms of therapy are effective and few significant differences exist in effectiveness among standard therapies
answer
Dodo bird verdict
question
therapies that make use of tech or the internet to complement current therapies or make psychotherapeutic techniques available to more people
answer
Tech-based therapies
question
therapies that use virtual (digital simulation) environments to create therapeutic situations that would be hard to create otherwise
answer
Virtual reality therapies
question
an eclectic approach in which a therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation
answer
Integrative therapy
question
an approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns
answer
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
question
treatment that integrates elements of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation; it is used to treat borderline personality disorder
answer
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
question
a treatment that uses a combination of light stimulation and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons
answer
Optogenetics
