Flashcards and Answers – GACE History 34, 35
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fluvial civilizations
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Civilizations that arose in river valleys (Mesopotamia, Egypt, etc.)
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Fertile Crescent
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Cradle of civilization from the Persian Gulf to the Sinai Peninsula (coined by Egyptologist James Breasted)
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Mesopotamia
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The location of the first civilization, the Akkadians, led by Sargon
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Sumerians
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Mesopotamian civilization. Invented the wheel, developed irrigation, cuneiform.
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Code of Hammurabi
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Famous Babylonian Code of Laws
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Darius
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Built a collection of cities and satraps into the Persian Empire
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Kush
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Second oldest African civilization. Ruled by women. Worshiped Egyptian gods. Conquered by Nubians.
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Hinduism
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Religion developed by Aryans around 1500 BCE. Polytheists, hundreds of gods and goddesses. Caste system.
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Buddhism
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Developed in India from the teachings of the Prince Gautama. Opposed the worship of multiple deities, the Hindu caste system, and the supernatural. Worshipers must be free from worldly attachments and overcome suffering.
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Confucianism
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Chinese religion with no clergy, organization, belief in a deity, or belief in afterlife. Emphasizes political and moral ideas with respect for authority and ancestors.
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Shinto
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Native Japanese religion based on folk beliefs worshiping spirits and demons in animals, trees, mountains, etc.
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Han Dynasty
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Chinese Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE). One of the greatest periods in Chinese history. Became a Confucian state. Exercised influence over southeast Asia.
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Cradle of Western Civilization
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Greece
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Athenian Democracy
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Each citizen has an equal vote. Adopted by many western nations.
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Homer
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Author of the Iliad and the Odyssey
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Aristotle
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Socrates
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Plato
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Pythagoras
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Euclid
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Archimedes
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Calculated the value of Pi
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Herodotus
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Thucyclides
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Pax Romana
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The long period of peace enabling free trade and travel, spreading people, cultures, goods, and ideas
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The Mongol Empire
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Founded by Genghis Khan. Expanded from SE Asia to central Europe.
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Genghis Khan
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conquered of the Mongol Empire
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Kublai Khan
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uniter of the Mongol Empire
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Marco Polo
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First European to travel the Silk Road to China and return
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Bantu-speaking people
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People who dominated sub-equatorial Africa. One of the largest migrations in history (from N and W to the E and S). Introduced superior technology and agricultural advances. Swahili is a Bantu language.
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Ghana
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Conquered by Muslim Berbers 1076. Sudanic Empire.
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Mali
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Sudanic Empire. Kings (called \"Mansa\") ruled over feudal states. Most powerful king was Mansa Musa. Blend of Islamic faith and traditional African belief.
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Songhai
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Initially a province of Mali. By the 15th c., it surpassed all of Mali.
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Zimbabwe
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West Africa. Stone structures. Trade as far as China.
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Republic of Benin
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Site of an early West African kingdom known as Dahomey. Slave trade with Europeans. Decline after slavery. French took over 1892.
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Triangular Trade System
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Trading system between England, Africa, and America.
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Religious Syncretism in Africa
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Blending of Catholicism and traditional African beliefs. In Ethiopia, Greek Christians converted the King. The King of Kongo began converting people to Catholicism. However, since there were not many ordained clergymen, it was not a strict form of Catholicism. The same is true for Islam in Africa.
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Zheng He
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Muslim Chinese explorer that explored through the Indian Ocean and to the African coast
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Vasco de Gama
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First to navigate the Cape of Good Hope, opening a new sea route to India (1498)
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Christopher Columbus
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Sailed from Spain for India, found the New World (1492)
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Spanish explorer, found passage through southern tip of South America (1520)
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John Cabot
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British sent Cabot to find a passage to Asia (like Columbus). Setup footholds in New World. (1497)
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Samuel de Champlain
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Frenchman established Quebec City and explored the Atlantic Coast
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James Cook
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British navigator. Opened routes to Hawaii, Australia, and New Zealand.
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Columbus Exchange
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Exchange of people, animals, and plants from Europe to the New World after Columbus. Tomato, Potato, corn, chocolate, and tobacco were imported to Europe. Horses, cattle, coffee, bananas, and wheat were brought to the New World. Also Smallpox and Influenza.
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Haitian Revolution
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Revolt led by slaves. Signaled the end of slavery.
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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Polish astronomer. Started Scientific Revolution. Heliocentric universe.
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Tycho Brahe
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Dutch Astronomer. Cataloged his observations of the night sky. Kepler built on his work.
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Johannes Kepler
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Confirmed the heliocentric universe. Laws of Planetary Movement.
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Galileo Galilei
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Italian scientist. Defended heliocentric universe. Used telescope. Put under house-arrest by Church. Died in house-arrest.
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Isaac Newton
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English Scientist. Discover of gravity and pioneer of optics, calculus, and physics.
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Renee Descartes
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French Philosopher. \"I think, therefore I am.\"
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David Hume
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Pioneer of empiricism. Believer in value of skepticism.
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Immanuel Kant
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German philosopher. \"Dare to know.\" Intense self-evaluation.
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Thomas Hobbes
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Wrote Leviathan. Argued that government is essential for people to live in harmony.
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History
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Is the study of the past, especially aspects of the human past, political and economic events as well as cultural and social conditions
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Causality
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Within the study of history, causality is the analysis of the reasons for change
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Bias
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A prejudice or predisposition either toward or against something
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Interdependence
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A condition in which two things or groups rely upon one another
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Identity
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The state or perception of being a particular thing or person. Self-understand of groups or nations.
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Nation-state
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A particular type of political entity that provides a sovereign territory for a specific nation in which other factors also unite the citizens (language, race, ancestry, etc.)
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Culture
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The civilization, achievements, and customs of the people of a particular time and place.
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Pre-Historic period
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200,000-100,000 - Pre-Historic Period • Hunter-gatherer society • End of the Ice Age • Increased human population
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Bering Straight
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Humans crossed this land bridge from Siberia to the Americas (25,000 BCE).
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Clovis Points
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Large projectile points used to hunt mammoths and other animals
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Meadowcroft Rock Shelter
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A rock shelter in southwest Pennsylvania dating to 15,000 BCE
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Bluefish Caves
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Ancient caves in Yukon, Canada containing human-worked mammoth bones from 13,000 BCE
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Mississippian Culture
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an early Native American culture that thrived in eastern North America from 800 to 1500 C.E.
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Creek and Cherokee
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Native American tribes inhabited Georgia from the 1600s on
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Ocmulgee
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River upon which the Creek confederacy thrived
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Hernando de Soto
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first European to describe the Native Americans in Georgia
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Sequoyah
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Cherokee man invented an alphabet for the Cherokee language
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Yamasee Native Americans
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Native American group occupied territory in Georgia when Spanish missions withdrew in 1706
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James Oglethorpe
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a member of British Parliament, suggested that the land which would become Georgia should be a prison colony
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King George II
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Supported Oglethorpe's plans
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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Most important Enlightenment thinker. Wrote Two Treatises of Civil Government. Argued against Hobbes' view of the state. Argued Revolution is a right.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
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One of the most important political theorists before the French Revolution. Wrote The Social Contract. Humanity's intuitive goodness.
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Military leader took power in Japan in 1600. Beginning of the Tokugawa Shogunate which held power until 1868.
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Francis Xavier
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Portuguese, Jesuit priest who came to Japan in 1549.
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The Chinese Revolution
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Response to imperial rule under the Qing Dynasty. Internal rebellions, widespread oppression, humiliation by foreign nations. Sun Yat-sen most successful revolutionary.
