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What was the structure of Tukugawa Japan?
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4 ranks (confucian hierarchy)
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4 ranks of the class structure of Tokugawa Japan
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Samurai, farmers, artisans, merchants.
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Samurai
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Only people allowed to carry swords. They became in debted to merchants.
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What motivated the United States to \"open\" Japan?
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US wanted water & coal for China trade & ships
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Who were the \"shi-shi\" [men of high purpose], and why were they overruled by cooler heads?
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shi-shi: samurai, believed Japan was sacred ground. Westerners used cannons and bombarded coasts
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Why did the new Meiji government regard modernization as an imperative?
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Meiji planned to learn to use western guns and weapons before they confronted them. Everyone became equals under Emperor; sought to improve own lives
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What was the model the Japanese were seeking not to emulate?
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Japan didn't want to be taken over by the West like China was.
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What does the discovery of \"village constitutions\" in various parts of Japan say about the nature of democracy in Japan?
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People's Constitution written by young middle-class farmers, all over the country They demanded Civil rights, power of the people, and modernizing from the bottom up.
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6. How did Japan's \"military-industrial complex\" function?
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The lack of funds forced the government to turn their fledgling industries over to private business which in return for special privileges would accommodate the government's goals. This was the origin of the zaibatsu system. Japan also had difficulty finding a market where they could compete. They found the answer in silk export since a failed Italian market drove international prices up.
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What was the most difficult thing the samurai had to do after coming to power?
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Western influence destroyed the Samurai and were forced to go into business for themselves as bodyguards.
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What enabled the new government to suppress the Satsuma Rebellion of Saigo and his samurai?
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Need to destroy their own Samurai class.
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What enabled the new government to suppress the Satsuma Rebellion of Saigo and his samurai?
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Last stand of way of the Samurais. Saigo's death (war-suicide) was the death of the Samurai.
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What was the most difficult thing the samurai had to do after coming to power?
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They had to go into business for themselves as bodyguards of the elite.
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What does the grisly story of \"Battleship Island,\" the Mitsubishi coal mine in Nagasaki harbor, demonstrate?
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It demonstrated that modernizing Japan cost many lives and child/slave labor to accomplish modernization. This is just one extreme example of what can happen when a society moves from agriculture to industry. Conditions here were amplified by the fact that they were on an small island and the mine owners killed anyone who tried to escape, in the name of profit.
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What fatal decision did Japan face once it found itself among the ranks of the \"industrialized nations\"? What was Japan's choice?
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The decision Japan faced was to join their Asian countries or to join the European club. Japan joined Europe by invading Korea and they declared war on the Chinese in the Manchuria region.
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9. Why was Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War of such great significance? What was its impact in the rest of Asia?
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The Japanese victory was the culmination of Meiji modernization. The West definitely noticed and other Asian countries say, \"How about that? An Asian country has beaten a Western power!\" This was a major phenomenon. Shortly after Japan became arrogant after winning, and started deciding to take other Asian territories.
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10. What are the mixed emotions that the rest of Asia has about Japan?
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Other Asian countries began not to trust Japan because they started acting as an imperial power. Some looked to Japan for inspiration because they had beaten Russia, a major Western power. Other countries became mad though. Asia had always been ambivalent towards Japan, proud and angry.
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What are the \"two coasts of China\"?
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- Inland coast - sea of grassland (Mongolia) -The sea coast ( the mainland, Mongolia \"cowboys of asia\" and the sea coast, Canton coast.)
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2. What is China's worst nightmare, and Mongolia's fondest memory?
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-13th century nomad calvary dominating the region; Genghis khan
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3. How did the Ming Dynasty's outlook differ from that of the Mongols? What is the major symbol of the Ming world outlook?
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-opposed to everything Mongols represent, China self-sufficient (The ming were arrogant, closed off and not interested in other countries, they saw farming and not trade) -Great Wall of China
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What was the big surprise that lay in store for the Qing Dynasty at the end of the eighteenth century?
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Arrival of \"barbarians\" from Europe and America over the sea (invasion from the sea, china sea became European lake)
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5. What was the \"Canton System\" of trade? What commodity did the West find to finally open the Chinese market?
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-system of limited trade; Hong merchants -opium from poppies
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What was England's \"secret weapon\" in its war with China? What did this weapon do to mortally wound China?
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-steam ship; was able to gain control waterways, (can move up the Yangtze River, no need for wind) -blocked important waterway (to Peking)
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Why was the Summer Palace outside Beijing, destroyed by the British in 1860, never rebuilt by the Chinese?
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-serves as a symbol of Western Imperialism (Reminder of a great civilization brought down to its knees, for fear of being pushed around again)
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What is the \"schizophrenia\" in China's character? How does the return of Hong Kong to China represent both a promise and a threat?
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-Coast vs. Continental China -Open, free trade China? (how to manage history? brought major trade and war?)
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What two questions about 9/11 motivated Thomas Friedman to discuss the events with people in the Arab-Muslim world?
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-What motivated the 19 hijackers that killed 3,000 \"brothers and sisters\"? -Why did fellow Muslims & Arabs applaud their actions?
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What are the \"three rivers of rage\" that are roiling the Arab-Muslim world?
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1. support for dictators 2. anger & frustration Muslims feel because their civilizations have been left far behind Western civilizations. 3. anger at regimes in Muslim world
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What does Jordanian journalist Rami Khouri see as the two main problems besetting the US-Arab relationship?
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1. US Double standards on Muslim societies. 2. US supports Israel against Palestine.
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4. What are some of the alarming findings of the UN Development Report on the Arab World? What kind of poverty does Friedman find most dangerous? What does Friedman see as the great underestimated force in world affairs?
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-total of 22 Arab countries' GDP combined is less than Spain's; 51% Arab youth want to move away; less than ½ women illiterate -Poverty of Dignity-humiliated because they are looked down upon. No jobs no education, no dignity.
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What role did Europe seem to play in creating a climate that bred the 9/11 hijackers?
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Belgium killed a Shah 2 days before 9/11. Muslims feel humiliated because they are looked down upon. There's no jobs, no education and therefore no dignity.
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Why would anger at their own governments cause young Arabs to lash out at the US, according to Friedman?
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because Islam finds American's responsible for keeping the oppressing regimes in power.
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Why would anger at their own governments cause young Arabs to lash out at the US, according to Friedman?
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-No good education system, opportunities, jobs -oppressive gov'ts (They are not recognized by their environment and society so they have no dignity. A deep feeling of unrecognization so they will follow an extreme solution since they are not being noticed)
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7. Who are the two leaders of the al-Qaeda \"cult\"? How, according to Abdullah Schleiffer, does the \"system\" of political Islam differ from the concerns of Islam as a religion?
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-Osama bin Laden and Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri -religion gives inner peace; Utopian ideology- when rage meets ideology; system gives Muslim justice -Highly politizised Islam is not following Islamic beliefs.
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Who are the two leaders of the al-Qaeda \"cult\"? How, according to Abdullah Schleiffer, does the \"system\" of political Islam differ from the concerns of Islam as a religion?
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-Osama bin Laden and Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri -religion gives inner peace; Utopian ideology- when rage meets ideology; system gives Muslim justice -Highly politizised Islam is not following Islamic beliefs.
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8. What important event did Friedman witness in Bahrain? What is particularly striking about the Bahraini example?
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The first free election. Women were allowed to vote and run for office.
