FSU Intro to Anthropology Midterm Notes – Flashcards
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Anthropology
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the study of humans
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anthropology is...
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holistic and comparative
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holistic
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emphasizing the whole
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science
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a procedure for arriving at conclusions, also an established accumulation derived from the above procedure.
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science is a procedure
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Observation, Tentative explanation(hypothesis) Testing(verification) Rejecting or accepting hypothesis All conclusions are subject to continuing challenge
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scientific knowledge is...
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Generative coordinated(mostly)
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Anthropology is a social science
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a study of people in society and how they interact with each other
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Anthropology is a humanity
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A record of human expression
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4 subfields
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...
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cultural anthropology
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The comparative, cross-cultural, study of human society and culture ex: ethnography, ethnology, applied anthropology, medical anthropology.
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linguistic anthropology
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the specialty of anthropology concerned with the study of human languages language origins(glottogenesis)
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archaeology
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The study of the past based on what people left behind.
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biological anthropology
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study of humans as biological organisms
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culture
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culture is behavior acquired by learning shared by group transmitted from one generation to the next cumulative = cultural revolution
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ethnosemantics
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The study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences in particular cultural contexts.
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culture is mental infrastructure
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a system of shared meanings that guide perception and action ex: Water Vs. Holy Water
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Hutterites
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English speaking people of European descent who practice a form of Christianity that emphasizes on pacifism and tolerance. The author wanted to study these people people because he was curious about the process of evolutionary change and how they operate in human populations.
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induction
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developing a general explanation from specific observations
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deduction
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suggesting specific data that would be found if a hypothesis were true
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ethnography
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a detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork
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ethnology
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branch of anthropology dealing with human races, their origin, distribution, culture, etc.
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medical anthropology
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the study of illness and health care from the perspective of anthropology
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pseudoscience
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false science; research that does not meet the criteria of science
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evolution
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change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms main meaning:Change and changes is series as well
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biological application
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an explanation for the origin of organisms.
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Pre Darwin
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...
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Anatomy (Andreas Vesalius)
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- Belgian Scientist. - Father of anatomy. - Wrote the book "On the Structure of the Human Body". The first modern medical textbook.
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Taxonomy (Carolus Linnaeus)
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Founder of taxonomy, book: -Systema Naturae (1735)
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Natural History (Comte De buffon)
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founder of natural history/ Book: "Histoire Naturelle" (1749)
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Paleontology (George Cuvier)
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father of paleontology. Wrote an essay on the Theory of the Earth (1813)
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Transmutation (Jean Baptiste Lamarck)
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Zoological Philosophy (1809)
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Charles Darwin
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Careful Observer of Nature voyage on Beagle(1831-1836) read Lyell's Book believed in Transmutation of species(evolution) 1838 Read malthus essay sketched outline of evolution via natural selectiondid not publish idea until 1859
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Charles Lyell
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Principle of Geology(1830) "Uniformitarianism" Implies- A Changing Earth An Ancient Earth
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Uniformitarianism
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Charles Lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history.The principle stating that mechanisms of change are constant over time. explains catastrophism.
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Thomas Malthus
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Author of Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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wrote an essay "on the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type" wrote letter to Darwin in (1858)., English naturalist who formulated a concept of evolution that resembled Charles Darwin's (1823-1913).
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On the Origin of Species(1859)
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Evolution: Explains the Origin of Species Natural selection: Drives evolutionary change across generations
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pieces from the book put into simpler form
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...
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"A struggle for existence"
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Excessive reproduction and competition for limited resources exists in all species
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"Other variations useful in some way should sometimes occur in the course of thousands of generations"
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Individuals vary in heritable traits. Variants are sometimes useful, sometimes harmful
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" Individuals having any advantage would have the best chance of surviving and of procreating their kind."
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Individuals with Advantageous Variants get to reproduce and pass those traits to the next generation Individuals with Disadvantageous Variants do not pass traits to the next generation(they die without reproducing)
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Natural Selection
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Preservation of favorable variation and rejection of injurious variation
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inheritance of acquired characteristics
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Lamarck, changes in the living body could be passed on to descendants (ex: giraffe's necks)
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Post-Darwinism
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Evolution in an age of genetic information
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Genetics-Levels Of analysis
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Organism, Cell, Molecule
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things go from...
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Gene ====> Protein ====> Trait from to then
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Organism (Mendel)
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anything that possesses all the characteristics of life; have an orderly structure, produce offspring, grow, develop, and adjust to changes in the environment
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Cell (Sutton)
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Portion of a chromosome that codes for a protein
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Molecule( Watson and Crick)
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a sequence of nucleotides that code for a protein( a portion of a DNA Molecule)
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daughter cells
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The resulting cells that are genetically identical to each other and to parent cell
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mutation
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change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
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Genetics
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Discrete particles(genes) can produce continuous variation, Mutation and independent assortment add new variation
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Darwnism
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evolution by means of natural selection
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Neo-Darwanism
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Darwinism+ genetics
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E mayr
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Systematics
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G G Simpson
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Paleontology
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L. Stebbins
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Botany
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Mendel (1) and (2)
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(1) showed how inheritance worked using discrete units of inheritance( now called "genes" and "alleles") (2) Introduced the "Law of Segregation" and the "Law of Independent Assortment"
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DeVries
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introduced concept of mutation
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The Human Genome Project
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A multi-year effort to find all the genes that code for all the traits found in humans(1990-2006) Establish the sequence of bases that make up each chromosome of a typical human and established which of these sequneces function as "genes"
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Genome
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An Organism's Complete set of DNA
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What is a human
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Traits shared with other Taxa + traits unique to humans
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What is an animal?
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a living organism characterized by voluntary movement
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What is a Vertebrate?
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An animal with a backbone. ex: Fish, lions
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What is a Mammal?
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any warm-blooded vertebrate having covered with hair, give birth to young
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Primate
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monkeys, apes, and humans
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chromosomes
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thread like structures in nuclues
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hominoid
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a primate of the superfamily Hominoidea ex: Apes and humans apes: have adaptations for suspension including -long muscular arms -rotate shoulders 360 degrees -180 degrees forearm rotation -increased side-to-side in wrist motion
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Human characteristics only unique to humans
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Striding Bipedalism is a uniquely human form of locomotion
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Primitive Traits
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Dentition(4 diff. kinds of teeth) Skeleton(5 fingers, clavicle) Same as ancestor
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Derived Traits
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eye,hand,locomotion,brain,life history Different from ancestor
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Primates Emphasize
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Vision not smell -Color vision -Good Focus
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prehsile
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Hands and feet can hold onto narrow supports
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prosimian
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projecting snout wet nose wide space between eyes all purpose grasping grooming claw small brain
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anthropoid
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flat face Dry nose closely spaced eyes individual digit movement larger brains
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lucy
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discovered in 1974, lived 3.2 million years ago, of the species Australopithecus afarensis, was bipedal, had a brain the size of a chimpanzee.
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human pelvis
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short, broad and bowl shaped to provide attachment area for muscles which power bidedalism
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Bipedalism...
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frees the hands from locomotor duties
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what traits distinguish humans from all other species?
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Striding bipedalism Tool use and versatility of hand use Brain size and Power dentition is Unusual among primates Speech/Language Culture
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gorilla, chimpanzee
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hand use adapted for suspension and knuckle-walking
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motor cortex
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devoted to controlling hand and finger movements
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Law of proper Mass (Jerison)
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Brain Tissue is Energetically Expensive new abilities are matched by new brain tissue
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fossil
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the trace or remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock
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Geological time scale
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-eons -eras -periods -epochs
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Pre Cambrian
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Eon
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Paleozoic(ancient life forms), Mesozoic( age of reptiles), Cenozoic(age of mammals)
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Eras
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Paleocene, Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene
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Epochs
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Major Events in the history of Life
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Origin of.... The Universe Solar system and Earth Life on Earth Composite Cells Animals Vertebrates Mammals Primates Humans
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Adapiformes
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Ancestral to modern day lemurs
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Paleocene
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first primates show up
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Eocene
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Lemur-Like Adapiforms
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Ogligocene
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Primate evolution at Fayum site of Eygpt
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Apidium
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A small early anthropoid with 3 pre-molars
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Aegyptopithecus
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larger anthropoid with 2 pre-molars
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Hominin
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After the split from common ancestor shared with Chimpanzees
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Panin
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after the split from common ancestor, shared with humans
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Ardi
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Labeled as an Ardipithecus Ramidus, found in Ethiopia in 1994, believed to be 4.4 million yrs old even older than lucy, said to be a female. part of hominin radiation
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7 Genera
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20 species of hominins are widely recognized
