French 2390 Texas Tech Midterm – Flashcards

Lascaux is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings. The original caves are located near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne.

broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make implements with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted roughly 3.4 million years, and ended between 8700 BCE (or BC) and 2000 BCE with the advent of metalworking.

In the first century BC Julius Caesar reported that the people known to the Romans as Gauls (Galli) called themselves Celts, which suggests that even if the name Keltoi was bestowed by the Greeks, it had been adopted to some extent as a collective name by the tribes of Gaul.

The Iron Age is an archaeological era, referring to a period of time in the prehistory and protohistory of the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) when the dominant toolmaking material was iron. It is preceded by the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia and the Stone Age in Africa. Meteoric iron has been used by humans since at least 3200 BCE, but ancient iron production did not become widespread until the ability to smelt iron ore, remove impurities and regulate the amount of carbon in the alloy were developed. The start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around 1200 BCE to 600 BCE, depending on the region. In most parts of the world, its end is defined by the widespread adoption of writing, and therefore marks the transition from prehistory to history.

a priest, magician, or soothsayer in the ancient Celtic religion.

a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands, Central Italy and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine

Clovis was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler

Saint Clotilde, also known as Clothilde, Clotilda, Clotild, Rotilde etc., was the second wife of the Frankish king Clovis I, and a princess of the kingdom of Burgundy, from Athanlidis - "the loved of Aþana", her grandfather, Aþana-reiks

1. a law excluding females from dynastic succession, especially as the alleged fundamental law of the French monarchy. 2. a Frankish law book extant in Merovingian and Carolingian times.

"mayor of the palace" (c. 635 - 16 December 714), commonly known as Pepin of Herstal, was a Frankish statesman and military leader who de facto ruled Francia as the Mayor of the Palace from 680 until his death. He took the title, Duke and Prince of the Franks, upon his conquest of all the Frankish realms.

The Carolingian dynasty reached its peak in 800 with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first Emperor of Romans in over three centuries. His death in 814 began an extended period of fragmentation of Carolingian empire and decline that would eventually lead to the evolution of Kingdom of France and Holy Roman Empire.

(c. 686 - 22 October 741) was a Frankish statesman and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death.

Pepin the Short (German: Pippin der Kleine, French: Pépin le Bref, c. 714 - 24 September 768) was the King of the Franks from 751 until his death. He was the first of the Carolingians to become king.[1][2] The younger son of the Frankish prince Charles Martel and his wife Rotrude, Pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of St. Denis.

also known as Charles the Great King of the Franks. He united a large part of Europe during the early Middle Ages and laid the foundations for modern France, first Holy Roman Emperor—the first recognised emperor in Western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. Charlemagne already ruled his kingdom without the help of the Pope, but recognition from the pontiff granted him divine legitimacy in the eyes of his contemporaries Education

was the King of West Francia from 898 until 922 and the King of Lotharingia from 911 until 919-23. He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty n 911 a group of Vikings led by Rollo besieged Paris and Chartres. After a victory near Chartres on 26 August, Charles decided to negotiate with Rollo, resulting in the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte which created the Duchy of Normandy. In return for the Vikings' loyalty, they were granted all the land between the river Epte and the sea, as well as Duchy of Brittany, which at the time was an independent country which East Francia had unsuccessfully tried to conquer. Rollo also agreed to be baptised and to marry Charles' daughter Gisela.

At the age of 8, William the Conqueror became duke of Normandy. Violence plagued his early reign, but with the help of King Henry I of France, William managed to survive the early years. After the Battle of Hastings, in 1066, he was crowned king of England. He never spoke English and was illiterate, but he had more influence on the evolution of the English language then anyone before or since. William ruled England until his death, on September 9, 1087, in Rouen, France.

a Christian saint, patron saint of Paris

Childeric (& St. Genevieve) ↓ Clovis I* (481-511) ↓ Pépin II (d. 714) began the Carolingian Dynasty The Carolingian Dynasty (751 to 987) Charles Martel* Duke and prince of the Franks (700s) ↓ Pepin III* (the Short) elected king; anointed by Pope ↓ Charles, a.k.a. Charlemagne*(767-814) (Charles the Great - Eng; Karolus Magnus - Latin; Charlemagne - Fr) ↓ Louis the Pious (son of Charlemagne) ↓ Lothar, Charles the Bald,* and Louis the German (sons of Louis the Pious) ↓ Charles the Simple (grandson of Charles the Bald)

the central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation. In traditional Western churches it is rectangular, separated from the chancel by a step or rail, and from adjacent aisles by pillars.

Early medieval architecture was a continuation of Roman architecture, relying on the rounded arch and barrel vaults Ren. Arches are semi-circular or (in the Mannerist style) segmental. Arches are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch. Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental scale at the St. Andrea in Mantua.

Facade definition, the front of a building, especially an imposing or decorative one.

architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches

architectural style in Europe that lasted from the mid 12th century to the 16th century, particularly a style of masonry building characterized by cavernous spaces with the expanse of walls broken up by overlaid tracery. In the 12th-13th centuries, feats of engineering permitted increasingly gigantic buildings. The rib vault, flying buttress, and pointed (Gothic) arch were used as solutions to the problem of building a very tall structure while preserving as much natural light as possible.

a buttress slanting from a separate pier, typically forming an arch with the wall it supports.

Black Plague was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in the years 1346-53.[1][2][3] Although there were several competing theories as to the etiology of the Black Death, analysis of DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe published in 2010 and 2011 indicates that the pathogen responsible was the Yersinia pestis bacterium, probably causing several forms of plague.[4][5] The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343.[6] From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30-60% of Europe's total population.[7] In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350-375 million in the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century.[8] The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century. The plague created a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history.

an agreement that King Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the throne of France upon the death of King Charles VI of France

monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1422 to his death

tax

End of Hundred Years War 1453 fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks Invention of moveable type by Gutenberg

The Vulgate (/ˈvʌlɡeɪt, -ɡɪt/) is a late fourth-century Latin translation of the Bible that became, during the 16th century, the Catholic Church's officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible. The translation was largely the work of St. Jerome, who, in 382 AD, was commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Vetus Latina ("Old Latin") collection of biblical texts in Latin then in use by the Church

was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.

is the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.

critical thinking

a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1461 to 1483. He succeeded his father Charles VII. Louis was a devious and disobedient Dauphin of France who entered into open rebellion against his father in a short-lived revolt known as the Praguerie in 1440

was a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map[1] the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island)

was the first King of France from the Angoulême branch of the House of Valois, reigning from 1515 until his death. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his cousin and father-in-law Louis XII, who died without a male heir. arts

The House of Bourbon (English /ˈbɔːrbən/; French: [buʁˈbɔ̃]) is a European royal house of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty (/kəˈpiːʃⁱən/). Bourbon kings first ruled France and Navarre in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Bourbon dynasty also held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma. Spain and Luxembourg currently have Bourbon monarchs.

a French Protestant of the 16th-17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France.

(also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.

The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place five days after the wedding of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). This marriage was an occasion for which many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris.

The Edict of Nantes (French: édit de Nantes), signed probably on 30 April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

House of Valois (1328-1589) House of Orléans (1498-1515) House of Orléans-Angoulême (1515-1589) House of Bourbon (1589-1792) Philip VI (Philip of Valois) ↓ 3 Valois kings ↓ Charles VII* (House of Valois) ↓ Louis XI* (House of Valois, son of Charles VII) ↓ Charles VIII (son of Louis XI, end of Valois) ↓ House of Orléans (1 king Louis XII) ↓ Francis I* (House of Oléans-Angoulême) 1515-1547 reign ↓ Henri II* m. Catherine de Médici ↓ 3 sons of Henri II who were kings including Henri III (no heir) + daughter (Margaret de Valois) ↓ Henry of Navarre/Henri IV* m. Margaret de Valois Reigned 1589-1610 (House of Bourbon 1589-1792) m. Maria de Médici ↓ Louis XIII* (king at 9 years) m. Anne of Austria ↓ Louis XIV* (king at 5 years; aka "The Sun King") ↓ Louis XV (1715-1774) ↓ Louis XVI (1774-1792) = La Révolution

Henry IV* (Henry of Navarre) married Margaret of Valois Maria de Medici (House of Medici, Italy) (1553 - 1610; reigned 1572 - 1610) ↓ Louis XIII* married Anne of Austria (daughter of Philip III of Spain) (1601 - 1643; reigned 1610 - 1643) ↓ Louis XIV married Maria Thérèse (daughter of Spanish King) (1638 - 1715; reigned 1643 - 1715) ↓ Louis XV married Marie Leszczynska (daughter of dethroned Stanislaw I of Poland) (1710 - 1774; reigned 1715 - 1774) ↓ Louis XVI married Marie Antoinette (of Austria) (1754 - 1793; reigned 1774 - 1793) ↓ The French Revolution begins July 14, 1789