forensic science study guide – Flashcards
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Miranda warning
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"you have the right to remain silent"
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MMO Motive
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Person had a reason to do the crime. Means- person had the ability to do the crime. Opportunity- person can be placed at the crime scene.
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Forensic
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Forum, a public place, where in roman times senators and others debated, preferred, and held judicial proceeding.
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forensic science
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the study and application of science to matters of law.
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Frye standard
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scientific evidence is allowed into the courtroom it is generally accepted by the relevant scientific community.
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The daubert Ruling
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The judge decides if the evidence can be entered into trail.
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Statutory law
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Legislative arts, declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something.
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civil law
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law that deals with non criminal suits brought to protect or preserve a civil or private matter.
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common law
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body of law made up of judicial opinions or precedents.
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administrative law
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rules or laws established by agencies such as IRS, SSA military.
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Good observation skills
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is a learned skill of forensic investigators. Observation: everything we smell, see, taste, hear, and touch.
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direct evidence
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firsthand observation- example- video.
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circumstantial evidence
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indirect physical or biological evidence that can link a person to a crime, but don't directly prove guilt.
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Orfila
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father of forensic toxicology.
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Bertillon
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Developed a system to identify people using particular body measurement.
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Locard
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1990 set up first forensic lab in Lyons, France
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Jefferys
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developed and used the first DNA test to be applied to a criminal case.
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4th Amendment
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The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.
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Steps of a crime scene investigation
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1. Recognition of evidence, 2. Preservation of evidence. 3. Identification evidence. 4. Comparison of evidence. 5. Individualization of evidence. 6. Interpretation of evidence. 7. Reconstruction of a crime scene.
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7'S of crime scene investigation
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1st. Securing the scene, 2nd. separate and question the witness, 3rd. scanning the scene, 4th. seeing the scene, 5th. sketching the scene, 6th. searching for evidence, 7th. securing and collecting evidence.
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Photograph at a crime scene (for evidence)
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Sharp, focused, properly exposed, framed properly, have a proper lighting.
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Types of search patterns
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Line/strips method best in large, outdoor scenes. Grid, Basically a double line search, effective, but time consuming. Zone, Most effective in houses or buildings, teams are assigned small zones for searching. Spiral, may move inward or outward, best used where there no physical barrier.
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Step of the scientific method as it pertains to forensic
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Science is observed a problem or question evidence and collect objective data. Consider a hypotheses or possible solution. Examine, test, and then analyze the evidence. Determine the significance of the evidence. Formulate a theory based on evaluation of the significance of the evidence.
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crime scene investigators team members
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Police officers Evidence collectors crime scene investigator Medical examiners records detectives sketch artist specialist photographers
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Type of lighting
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Back, side, front
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Step to sketch a crime scene
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1. Observe and plan. 2. Measure distance. 3. Outline the area. 4. Locate and plot objects and evidence within the outline. 5. Record details. 6. Make notes. 7. Identify the sketch with a legend and a scale.
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Chain of custody
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Legal consideration.
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Transient evidence
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Temporary, easily changed or lost, odor, temp, imprints, indentation.
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Conditional evidence
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Produced by events or action.
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Pattern evidence
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produced by direct contact between a person and an object or between person and person(s).
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Associative evidence
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something associate with victims or suspect with a scene.
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Protocol for collecting and bagging evidence
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Package, sealed, and labeled properly. liquid and arson, moist, evidence labels, must be titled out properly.
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How fingerprints form in humans
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small ridges and natural secretion and dirt.
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common classification of fingerprint give
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Arch 5%, Loop 65%, Whorl 30%.
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Latent print
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Individual prints
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Patent Prints
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visible prints.
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Contaminated patent prints
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part of patent print.
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Plastic patent print
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Gum, candy, window.
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Galton details/ minutiae
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major points of comparison.
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Classification of prints
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Arches, loops, whorl
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Sub categories of prints
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Arch- plain and tented, loop- ulnar, radial, Whorl- Plain, central pocket, loop whorl, double loop, accidental whorl.
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Eccrine gland
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Water, with both salt and amino acids, found on palms of hand and feet.
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Sebaceous glands
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Sebaceous fatty or greasy substance, sprouts a hair
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Principle of permanence
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The fingerprints the fingerprint will never change in the future.
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Principle of uniqueness
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Every fingerprint is different, it's not anybody else's fingerprint.
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3 cuticle patterns
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Coronal, spinous, imbricate
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Nuclear DNA
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If the hair had been forcibly removed, some follicular tissue containing DNA maybe be attached.
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Mitochondrial DNA
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Hair shaft, inherited only from the mother. DNA copies itself independently of nuclear DNA.
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Medullary index
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Fraction of the hair shafts diameter to medulla, very small
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Hairs and plant fibers used in forensic science
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Crime and suspect of through normal activities
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Medulla
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inside layer running down the center of the cortex
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Cortex
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Inner layer made of keratin and embedded with pigment(gives color to hair); also contains air sacs called cortical fusi.
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cuticle
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outermost layer of hair which covered with scales.
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Natural fibers
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Animal hair, plant seeds, fruit, stems, or leaves and minerals
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Synthetic fibers
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vary widely in cross sectional shape and diameter, generally straight to gentle curves, uniforms in diameter, may have surface treatment that appears as spots, stains or pits.
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woven fibers
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yarns with different patterns, into clothing or textile
