Forensic Chemistry Final Review – Flashcards

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Final Review
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What is the definition of point of convergence
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2 dimensional surface over which the direction of several bloodstains can be retraced
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What are the three major classes of fingerprint patterns

 

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loops, whorl, arch
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the technology of DNA typing has its beggiing in 1985 with the work of
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Alec Jeffery
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What is the most common ridge pattern
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loop
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The _____is the original part of the bore left after rifling grooves are formed
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Land
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_____ in the fluid portion of unclotted blood
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Plasma
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How many different bases are associated with the make up of DNA
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4 ATGC
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As blood stains form at more and more acute angles, what happens to the shape of the blood
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become more elongated
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What is the number od deltas found in a typical arch pattern
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Zero
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The diameter of the gun barrel is known as it's
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Caliber
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Assume that won strands of DNA have been seperated and that the base sequence on one strand is A-T-G-C. What is the sequence of bases on the second strand?
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T-A-C-G
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The liquid that separated from the blood when a clot is formed is called
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Serum
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The number of lands and grooves is a ___ characteristic of a barrel.
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Class
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At what time area are a person's finger prints formed
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Fetal Development
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The production if amino acid is coded by a sequence of hoe many bases on the DNA molecule?
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3
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Fingerprints develope on what layer of skin
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Dermal papillae
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When a droplet of blood strikes a surface at an angle perpendicular to that surface, what is the shape of the blood stain
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circle
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Portions of the DNA molecules useful for DNA typing
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non-coding DNA frags that are repeated many times
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The_____characteristics of a rifled barrel are formed by striations impressed in the barrel's surface.
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individual
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Sweat glands on the surfaces of the hands and feet do not produce oil?
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True
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_____transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs
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RBC
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The most important instrument for comparing bullets is the
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Comparison microscope
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DNA is a polymer - What is the repeating unit (monomer) of DNA
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True: Nucleotide
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On bullets fired in succession from the same weapon, all of the individual characteristics are always identical
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false
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What is the fingerprint classification system that is used in england-speaking countries
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Henry System
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_____ velocity blood spatter usually has less then 1mm in diameter size range.
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High
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It is____ possible to determine the make of a weapon by examining a bullet it fired
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sometimes
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The experience of the investigator can determine the minimun number of ridge characteristics needed to match two fingerprints
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True
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What are components of a nucleotides?
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Nitrogenous bases: phosphorous containing, sugar, nitrogen base
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On the surface of RBC are chemical substances called____which impart blood type characterristics to the cells
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Antigen
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What is the technique that can produce many copies of segments of DNA?
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PCR
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A shotgun has a_____barrel
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smooth
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What is the computerize system for storing fingerprints?
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AFIS
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_____Velocity blood spatter usually falls in 1-4 mm in diameter size range
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Medium
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In a DNA process, the transfer of DNA fragments onto a nylon membrant is called what?
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Southern blotting
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The diameter of a shotgun barrel is expressed by the term
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gauge
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Type A individuals have____and____ antigens on the RBCs
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A;
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Prints that are not readily visible or known as
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latent
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Shotgun pellets can be individualized to a single weapon
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false
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During gel electrophoresis the DNA is separated by
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fragment size
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What could be the cause of high celocity blood spatter
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gun shot
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A cartridge case(can, can't) be individualized to a single weaopm
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can
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_______probes are used to visualize RFLP DNA fragments
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radioactive
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Type O individuals have (both, neither) A and B antigens on their RBCs
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neither
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t or f: the shape of the indentation caused by the firing pin may be a characteristic peculiar to a firearm
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true
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prints impressed into a bar of soap are known as
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plastic
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The rate at which large DNA fragments move through the electrophoresis gel is____the rate which small DNA fragments move through the same gel
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less than
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t or f: The distribution of gunpowder particles and other discharge from which the gun was fired
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true
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What could be the cause of high velocity blood spatter
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gun shot
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t or f: Without the benifits of a weapon, an examiner can mane an exact determination of firing distance
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false
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what fingerprinting method can be used on hard, on porous surfaces
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super glue fuming
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An_______photograph may help visualize gunpowder deposits around a target.
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infrared
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What are advantages of working with shore DNA fragments
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more stable

less likely to break apart

quantity ampliified with PCR

less subject to degradation

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The presence or absence of the ___ and ___ antigens on the RBC's determines a person's blood type in the A-B-O system
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A;B
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Current methods for identifying a shooter rely on the detection of(primer, gunpowder) residues on the hands.
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primer
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The Discrimination power of mitochondrial DNA is____the discrimination power of STR analysis
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less than
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What is an example of hard, nonporous surface?
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glass, metal
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Determining whether an individual has fired a weapon is done by measuring the elements_____and _____present on the hands.
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barium; antimony
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What are the names of three types of impace spatter
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low, medium, high
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STR normally consists of repeating sequences of____bases
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3-7
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t or f: Firings with all types of ammunition can be detection by hand swabbing with nitric acid
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false
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What is an example of a hard, non porous surface?
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glass, metal
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The D antigen is also known as the___antigen
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Rh
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t or f: Restoration of serial numbers is possible because in the stamped zone the metal is placed under a permanent strain that extends beneath the original numbers
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true
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How many regions of mitochondrial DNA have been found to be highly variable in the human population
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2
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what is the definition of projected bloodstain
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subjected to an action of force reater than gravity
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What fingerprinting methods can be used on soft, porous surfaces
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iodine fuming

ninhydrin

gentian(i dunno man)

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What is the national system of share DNA databases of DNA typing information from convicted criminals and crime scene evidence
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CODIS
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What is an example of a soft porous surface
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paper, cloth
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What are steps in a DNA RFLP typing process
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Digestion w/ restrictive enzyme

electrophoresis

southern blotting

hydrization w/ radioactive probe

process w/ e-ray film

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Serum contains proteins known as ___which destroy or inactivate antigens
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antibody
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The technology of DNA typing had it beginning 1985 with the work of________
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Alec Jeffery
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Sublimation occurs with the use of what lifting methos
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iodine fuming
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Give two examples of projected blood stains
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gush, cast off
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how many different bases are associated with the makee-up of DNA
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4
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An antibody reacts with(any, only specific) antigen.
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only specific
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Ninhydrin is used to detect what molecule in latent fingerprints?
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amino acid
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The fundamental unit of heredity is the
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gene
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What is the definition of a transfer blood stain?
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when one bloody surface comes in contact w/ another
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Superglue Fuming is suitable for(hard and nonporous, soft and porous) surfaces
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hard and nonporous
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A_____is a very large molecule made by linking a series of repeating units.
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polymer
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t or f: agglutination describes the clumping together of RBCs by the action of an antibody.
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true
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A________is composed of a sugar molecule, phosphorus- containing group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base
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nucleotide
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Give me two examples of a transfer blood stain
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swipe, smudge
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What fingerprinting method produces a temporary orange/ brown prints
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iodine fuming
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Each gene is actually composed of____. specifically designed to carry out a single body function.
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DNA
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Type B blood contains____antigens and ainti____antibodies
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B;A
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DNA is actually a very large molecule made by linking a series of_____to form a natural polymer
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nucleotide
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What chemical treatment produced a white-appearing permanent fingerprint
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superglue
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What is the definition of a passive blood stain
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formed by gravity acting alone
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_____different basses are associated with the makeup of DNA
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What fingerprinting method produces a permanent purple or violet print?
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ninhydrin
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The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised and introduced by
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Bertillon
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Type AB blood has (both, neither) anti-a(and, nor) anti-b
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both; and
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Watson and Crick demonstrated that DNA is composed of two strands coiled into the shaped of a _____
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double helix
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A system of identification relying on precise body measurements is known as______
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Anthropometry
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Give two examples of a passive bloodstain
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drip, pool
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The structure of DNA requires the pairing of base A to ___and base G to ___
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t;c
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The fingerprint classification system used  in most English speaking countries was devised by
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Sir. Ed. Rick Henry
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The term _____describes the study of antigen-antibody reactions.
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Sereology
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The bases sequence TGCA can be paired with the base sequence
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ACGT
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What are the four components of blood?
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plasma, plate RBC NBC
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The individuality of a fingerprint(is, isnt) determined by patterns.

 

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is
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The inheritable traits that are controlled by DNA arise out of DNA's abillity to direct the production of
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Type AB blood(is, isnt) agglutinated by both anti-a and antib serum
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is not
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A point-by-point comparison of fingerprint's_____must be demonstrated in order to prove identity.
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ridge characteristic
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_____ are derived from a combination of up too twenty known amino acids
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proteins
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_____are a reproduction of friction skin ridge
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fingerprints
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What is the percentage of blood lost from the body that would cause death
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The production of an amino acid is controlled by a sequence of___bases on the DNA molecule
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40%
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The form and pattern of skin ridge are determined by the__________
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dermal papillae
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A person that is blod type B can receive what blood type in a transfusion?
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t or f: Enzymes known as DNA polymerase assemble new DNA strands into a proper base sequence during replication.
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Type B RBCs agglutinate when added to type(A, B) blood.
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B-, O-
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A permanent scar forms in the skin only when an injury damages the______
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Dermal papillae
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t or f: DNA can be copied outside a living cell
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true
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A person that is blood type B can recieve what blood type in a tranfusion
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B,O
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Fingerprints(can,can not)be changed during a person's lifetime
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can not
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Recombinant DNA relies on the ability of chemicals known as ______enzymes to cut DNA into fragments
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restriction
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Type A RBCs agglutinate when added to type (AB, O) blood.
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O
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The three general patterns into which fingerprints are divided are____,_____, and______
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whurls, archs, and loops
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A person that is blood type A has what antibody is serum?
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anti B
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The most common fingerprint pattern is the ____
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loops
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In RFLP DNA typing, restriction enzymes are used to cut out(repeating, random) sequences from the DNA molecule
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repeating
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Approximately 5% of the population has the____ fingerprint pattern
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arch
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An immunological assay technique used to detect the presence of the minute quantities of drugs in blood and urine is ____ or ____.
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EMIT or RIA
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A loop pattern that opens toward the thumb is known as a ___ loop
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radical
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In RFLP DNA typing, restriction enzymes are used to cut out sequences of DNA with different(widths, lengths)
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lengths
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What is the definition of agglutination
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clumps together
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The pattern area of the loop is enclosed by two diverging ridges known as _____
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type lines
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DNA fragmens can be sorted according to their size by the technique of ______
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electrophoresis
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______reagent reacts with blood, causing it to luminesce
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Uminol
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The ridge point nearest the typ-line divergence is know as the ______
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delta
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In the RFLP DNA typing process, DNA fragments are transferred to a nylon membrane by a process called ____blotting
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southern
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What are the 8 different blood types that a human could have
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[+-]a,b,ab,o
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All loops must have ____delta
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one
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t or f:In the FRLP DNA typing process, a radioactively labeled probe is used to visualize the seperated DNA fragments
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true
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Blood can be characterized as being of human origin by the ______ test
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percipitive
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The approximate center of a loop pattern is called____
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the cure(spelling)
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The probe complementary to the bases sequences TAG has the letter sequence ____
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ATC
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t or f: The shape of blood stains may provide useful information reguarding the direction, dropping distance, and angle of impact for spattered blood
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If an imaginary line drawn between the two deltas or whorl pattern touches any of the spiral ridges, the pattern is classified as a_____
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plain whorl
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The basic unit of heredity is the
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gene
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In RFLP DNA typing, a typical DNA pattern shows(two, three) bands.
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two
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The simplest of all fingerprint patterns in the _____
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Plain arch
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Genes are position on threadlike bodies called______
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chromosomes
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t or f: Specimens amendable to DNA typing are blood, semen body tissues, and hair
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true
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Arches(have, dont have) type lines, deltas, and crops
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have no
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all cells in the human body, except the reproductive cells have ___ pairs of chromosomes.
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23
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Short DNA segments containing repeating sequences of three to seven bases are called ___.
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STRs
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The presence or absence of the _____ is used as a basis for determining the primary classification in the Henry system.
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whorl pattern
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The sex of an offspring is always determined by the (father, mother)
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father
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t or f: The longer the DNA strand, the less susceptible it is to degradation.
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false
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Genes that influence a given characteristic and are aligned with one another on a chromosome pair asr known as
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anelles
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A fingerprint classification system(can, can not) unequivocally identify an individual.
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can not
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The short length of STRs allows tem to be replaced by ____
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PCR
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A _____ is an observable characteristic of an individual
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phenotype
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DNA fragments can be separated and identified by______
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capillary electrophoresis
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t or f: Computerized fingerprint search systems match prints by comparing the position of bifurcation and ridge endings.
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true
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The combination of genes present in the cells of an individual in called the_____
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genotype
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A fingerprint left by a person with soiled or stained fingerprints is called a
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visible print
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Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the (mother, father)
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Mother
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A gene(will, will not) appear in a child when it is present in one of the parents
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will
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________fingerprints are impressions left on a soft material
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plastic
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t or f: Mitochondrial DNA in more plentiful in the human cell than is nuclear DNA.
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true
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A type B individual may have the genotype___ or the genotype___
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BB; BO
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Fingerprints on hard and nonabsorbent surfaces are best developed by the application of a_____
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powder
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____regions of mitochondrial DNA have been found to be highly variable in human populations
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2
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Fingerprints on porous surfaces are best developed with _________ treatments
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Chemical
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T or F: Polymerase chain reaction is a part of the process used in the forensic analysis of RFLP, STRs, and mitochondrial
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false
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______vapors chemically combine with fatty oils or residual water to visualize a fingerprint.
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Iodine
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A type AB mother and the AB father will have offspring of what possible genotypes(combo)
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AA, AB, BB
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The national DNA database in the US has standardized on _____ STRs for entry into the database
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13
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The Chemical_______visualizes fingerprints by its reaction with amino acids.
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ninhydrin
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A type AB mother and type AB father will have offspring of what possible phenotypes
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A, B, AB
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Small amounts of Blood are best submitted to a crime laboratory in ____conditions
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dry
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t or f: Airtight packages make the best containers for blood-containing evidence.
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false
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A typical STR DNA type emanating from a single indivdual shows a ____-band pattern.
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two
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A chemical technique known as ________is used to develope latent prints on nonporous surfaces such as metal and plastic.
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Superglue Fuming
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