Forensic Chemistry Final Review – Flashcards
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| Final Review |
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| What is the definition of point of convergence |
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| 2 dimensional surface over which the direction of several bloodstains can be retraced |
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What are the three major classes of fingerprint patterns
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| loops, whorl, arch |
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| the technology of DNA typing has its beggiing in 1985 with the work of |
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| Alec Jeffery |
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| What is the most common ridge pattern |
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| loop |
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| The _____is the original part of the bore left after rifling grooves are formed |
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| Land |
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| _____ in the fluid portion of unclotted blood |
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| Plasma |
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| How many different bases are associated with the make up of DNA |
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| 4 ATGC |
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| As blood stains form at more and more acute angles, what happens to the shape of the blood |
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| become more elongated |
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| What is the number od deltas found in a typical arch pattern |
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| Zero |
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| The diameter of the gun barrel is known as it's |
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| Caliber |
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| Assume that won strands of DNA have been seperated and that the base sequence on one strand is A-T-G-C. What is the sequence of bases on the second strand? |
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| T-A-C-G |
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| The liquid that separated from the blood when a clot is formed is called |
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| Serum |
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| The number of lands and grooves is a ___ characteristic of a barrel. |
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| Class |
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| At what time area are a person's finger prints formed |
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| Fetal Development |
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| The production if amino acid is coded by a sequence of hoe many bases on the DNA molecule? |
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| 3 |
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| Fingerprints develope on what layer of skin |
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| Dermal papillae |
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| When a droplet of blood strikes a surface at an angle perpendicular to that surface, what is the shape of the blood stain |
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| circle |
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| Portions of the DNA molecules useful for DNA typing |
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| non-coding DNA frags that are repeated many times |
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| The_____characteristics of a rifled barrel are formed by striations impressed in the barrel's surface. |
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| individual |
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| Sweat glands on the surfaces of the hands and feet do not produce oil? |
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| True |
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| _____transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs |
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| RBC |
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| The most important instrument for comparing bullets is the |
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| Comparison microscope |
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| DNA is a polymer - What is the repeating unit (monomer) of DNA |
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| True: Nucleotide |
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| On bullets fired in succession from the same weapon, all of the individual characteristics are always identical |
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| false |
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| What is the fingerprint classification system that is used in england-speaking countries |
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| Henry System |
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| _____ velocity blood spatter usually has less then 1mm in diameter size range. |
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| High |
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| It is____ possible to determine the make of a weapon by examining a bullet it fired |
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| sometimes |
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| The experience of the investigator can determine the minimun number of ridge characteristics needed to match two fingerprints |
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| True |
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| What are components of a nucleotides? |
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| Nitrogenous bases: phosphorous containing, sugar, nitrogen base |
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| On the surface of RBC are chemical substances called____which impart blood type characterristics to the cells |
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| Antigen |
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| What is the technique that can produce many copies of segments of DNA? |
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| PCR |
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| A shotgun has a_____barrel |
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| smooth |
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| What is the computerize system for storing fingerprints? |
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| AFIS |
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| _____Velocity blood spatter usually falls in 1-4 mm in diameter size range |
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| Medium |
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| In a DNA process, the transfer of DNA fragments onto a nylon membrant is called what? |
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| Southern blotting |
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| The diameter of a shotgun barrel is expressed by the term |
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| gauge |
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| Type A individuals have____and____ antigens on the RBCs |
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| A; |
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| Prints that are not readily visible or known as |
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| latent |
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| Shotgun pellets can be individualized to a single weapon |
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| false |
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| During gel electrophoresis the DNA is separated by |
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| fragment size |
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| What could be the cause of high celocity blood spatter |
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| gun shot |
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| A cartridge case(can, can't) be individualized to a single weaopm |
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| can |
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| _______probes are used to visualize RFLP DNA fragments |
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| radioactive |
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| Type O individuals have (both, neither) A and B antigens on their RBCs |
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| neither |
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| t or f: the shape of the indentation caused by the firing pin may be a characteristic peculiar to a firearm |
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| true |
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| prints impressed into a bar of soap are known as |
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| plastic |
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| The rate at which large DNA fragments move through the electrophoresis gel is____the rate which small DNA fragments move through the same gel |
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| less than |
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| t or f: The distribution of gunpowder particles and other discharge from which the gun was fired |
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| true |
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| What could be the cause of high velocity blood spatter |
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| gun shot |
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| t or f: Without the benifits of a weapon, an examiner can mane an exact determination of firing distance |
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| false |
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| what fingerprinting method can be used on hard, on porous surfaces |
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| super glue fuming |
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| An_______photograph may help visualize gunpowder deposits around a target. |
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| infrared |
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| What are advantages of working with shore DNA fragments |
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more stable less likely to break apart quantity ampliified with PCR less subject to degradation |
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| The presence or absence of the ___ and ___ antigens on the RBC's determines a person's blood type in the A-B-O system |
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| A;B |
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| Current methods for identifying a shooter rely on the detection of(primer, gunpowder) residues on the hands. |
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| primer |
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| The Discrimination power of mitochondrial DNA is____the discrimination power of STR analysis |
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| less than |
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| What is an example of hard, nonporous surface? |
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| glass, metal |
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| Determining whether an individual has fired a weapon is done by measuring the elements_____and _____present on the hands. |
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| barium; antimony |
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| What are the names of three types of impace spatter |
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| low, medium, high |
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| STR normally consists of repeating sequences of____bases |
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| 3-7 |
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| t or f: Firings with all types of ammunition can be detection by hand swabbing with nitric acid |
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| false |
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| What is an example of a hard, non porous surface? |
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| glass, metal |
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| The D antigen is also known as the___antigen |
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| Rh |
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| t or f: Restoration of serial numbers is possible because in the stamped zone the metal is placed under a permanent strain that extends beneath the original numbers |
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| true |
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| How many regions of mitochondrial DNA have been found to be highly variable in the human population |
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| 2 |
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| what is the definition of projected bloodstain |
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| subjected to an action of force reater than gravity |
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| What fingerprinting methods can be used on soft, porous surfaces |
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iodine fuming ninhydrin gentian(i dunno man) |
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| What is the national system of share DNA databases of DNA typing information from convicted criminals and crime scene evidence |
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| CODIS |
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| What is an example of a soft porous surface |
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| paper, cloth |
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| What are steps in a DNA RFLP typing process |
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Digestion w/ restrictive enzyme electrophoresis southern blotting hydrization w/ radioactive probe process w/ e-ray film |
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| Serum contains proteins known as ___which destroy or inactivate antigens |
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| antibody |
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| The technology of DNA typing had it beginning 1985 with the work of________ |
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| Alec Jeffery |
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| Sublimation occurs with the use of what lifting methos |
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| iodine fuming |
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| Give two examples of projected blood stains |
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| gush, cast off |
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| how many different bases are associated with the makee-up of DNA |
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| 4 |
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| An antibody reacts with(any, only specific) antigen. |
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| only specific |
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| Ninhydrin is used to detect what molecule in latent fingerprints? |
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| amino acid |
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| The fundamental unit of heredity is the |
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| gene |
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| What is the definition of a transfer blood stain? |
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| when one bloody surface comes in contact w/ another |
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| Superglue Fuming is suitable for(hard and nonporous, soft and porous) surfaces |
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| hard and nonporous |
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| A_____is a very large molecule made by linking a series of repeating units. |
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| polymer |
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| t or f: agglutination describes the clumping together of RBCs by the action of an antibody. |
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| true |
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| A________is composed of a sugar molecule, phosphorus- containing group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base |
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| nucleotide |
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| Give me two examples of a transfer blood stain |
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| swipe, smudge |
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| What fingerprinting method produces a temporary orange/ brown prints |
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| iodine fuming |
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| Each gene is actually composed of____. specifically designed to carry out a single body function. |
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| DNA |
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| Type B blood contains____antigens and ainti____antibodies |
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| B;A |
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| DNA is actually a very large molecule made by linking a series of_____to form a natural polymer |
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| nucleotide |
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| What chemical treatment produced a white-appearing permanent fingerprint |
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| superglue |
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| What is the definition of a passive blood stain |
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| formed by gravity acting alone |
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| _____different basses are associated with the makeup of DNA |
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| What fingerprinting method produces a permanent purple or violet print? |
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| ninhydrin |
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| The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised and introduced by |
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| Bertillon |
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| Type AB blood has (both, neither) anti-a(and, nor) anti-b |
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| both; and |
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| Watson and Crick demonstrated that DNA is composed of two strands coiled into the shaped of a _____ |
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| double helix |
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| A system of identification relying on precise body measurements is known as______ |
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| Anthropometry |
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| Give two examples of a passive bloodstain |
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| drip, pool |
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| The structure of DNA requires the pairing of base A to ___and base G to ___ |
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| t;c |
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| The fingerprint classification system used in most English speaking countries was devised by |
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| Sir. Ed. Rick Henry |
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| The term _____describes the study of antigen-antibody reactions. |
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| Sereology |
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| The bases sequence TGCA can be paired with the base sequence |
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| ACGT |
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| What are the four components of blood? |
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| plasma, plate RBC NBC |
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The individuality of a fingerprint(is, isnt) determined by patterns.
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| is |
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| The inheritable traits that are controlled by DNA arise out of DNA's abillity to direct the production of |
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| Type AB blood(is, isnt) agglutinated by both anti-a and antib serum |
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| is not |
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| A point-by-point comparison of fingerprint's_____must be demonstrated in order to prove identity. |
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| ridge characteristic |
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| _____ are derived from a combination of up too twenty known amino acids |
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| proteins |
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| _____are a reproduction of friction skin ridge |
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| fingerprints |
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| What is the percentage of blood lost from the body that would cause death |
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| The production of an amino acid is controlled by a sequence of___bases on the DNA molecule |
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| 40% |
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| The form and pattern of skin ridge are determined by the__________ |
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| dermal papillae |
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| A person that is blod type B can receive what blood type in a transfusion? |
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| t or f: Enzymes known as DNA polymerase assemble new DNA strands into a proper base sequence during replication. |
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| Type B RBCs agglutinate when added to type(A, B) blood. |
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| B-, O- |
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| A permanent scar forms in the skin only when an injury damages the______ |
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| Dermal papillae |
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| t or f: DNA can be copied outside a living cell |
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| true |
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| A person that is blood type B can recieve what blood type in a tranfusion |
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| B,O |
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| Fingerprints(can,can not)be changed during a person's lifetime |
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| can not |
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| Recombinant DNA relies on the ability of chemicals known as ______enzymes to cut DNA into fragments |
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| restriction |
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| Type A RBCs agglutinate when added to type (AB, O) blood. |
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| O |
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| The three general patterns into which fingerprints are divided are____,_____, and______ |
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| whurls, archs, and loops |
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| A person that is blood type A has what antibody is serum? |
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| anti B |
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| The most common fingerprint pattern is the ____ |
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| loops |
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| In RFLP DNA typing, restriction enzymes are used to cut out(repeating, random) sequences from the DNA molecule |
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| repeating |
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| Approximately 5% of the population has the____ fingerprint pattern |
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| arch |
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| An immunological assay technique used to detect the presence of the minute quantities of drugs in blood and urine is ____ or ____. |
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| EMIT or RIA |
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| A loop pattern that opens toward the thumb is known as a ___ loop |
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| radical |
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| In RFLP DNA typing, restriction enzymes are used to cut out sequences of DNA with different(widths, lengths) |
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| lengths |
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| What is the definition of agglutination |
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| clumps together |
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| The pattern area of the loop is enclosed by two diverging ridges known as _____ |
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| type lines |
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| DNA fragmens can be sorted according to their size by the technique of ______ |
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| electrophoresis |
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| ______reagent reacts with blood, causing it to luminesce |
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| Uminol |
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| The ridge point nearest the typ-line divergence is know as the ______ |
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| delta |
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| In the RFLP DNA typing process, DNA fragments are transferred to a nylon membrane by a process called ____blotting |
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| southern |
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| What are the 8 different blood types that a human could have |
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| [+-]a,b,ab,o |
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| All loops must have ____delta |
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| one |
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| t or f:In the FRLP DNA typing process, a radioactively labeled probe is used to visualize the seperated DNA fragments |
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| true |
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| Blood can be characterized as being of human origin by the ______ test |
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| percipitive |
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| The approximate center of a loop pattern is called____ |
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| the cure(spelling) |
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| The probe complementary to the bases sequences TAG has the letter sequence ____ |
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| ATC |
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| t or f: The shape of blood stains may provide useful information reguarding the direction, dropping distance, and angle of impact for spattered blood |
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| If an imaginary line drawn between the two deltas or whorl pattern touches any of the spiral ridges, the pattern is classified as a_____ |
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| plain whorl |
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| The basic unit of heredity is the |
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| gene |
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| In RFLP DNA typing, a typical DNA pattern shows(two, three) bands. |
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| two |
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| The simplest of all fingerprint patterns in the _____ |
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| Plain arch |
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| Genes are position on threadlike bodies called______ |
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| chromosomes |
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| t or f: Specimens amendable to DNA typing are blood, semen body tissues, and hair |
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| true |
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| Arches(have, dont have) type lines, deltas, and crops |
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| have no |
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| all cells in the human body, except the reproductive cells have ___ pairs of chromosomes. |
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| 23 |
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| Short DNA segments containing repeating sequences of three to seven bases are called ___. |
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| STRs |
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| The presence or absence of the _____ is used as a basis for determining the primary classification in the Henry system. |
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| whorl pattern |
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| The sex of an offspring is always determined by the (father, mother) |
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| father |
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| t or f: The longer the DNA strand, the less susceptible it is to degradation. |
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| false |
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| Genes that influence a given characteristic and are aligned with one another on a chromosome pair asr known as |
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| anelles |
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| A fingerprint classification system(can, can not) unequivocally identify an individual. |
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| can not |
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| The short length of STRs allows tem to be replaced by ____ |
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| PCR |
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| A _____ is an observable characteristic of an individual |
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| phenotype |
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| DNA fragments can be separated and identified by______ |
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| capillary electrophoresis |
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| t or f: Computerized fingerprint search systems match prints by comparing the position of bifurcation and ridge endings. |
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| true |
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| The combination of genes present in the cells of an individual in called the_____ |
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| genotype |
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| A fingerprint left by a person with soiled or stained fingerprints is called a |
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| visible print |
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| Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the (mother, father) |
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| Mother |
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| A gene(will, will not) appear in a child when it is present in one of the parents |
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| will |
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| ________fingerprints are impressions left on a soft material |
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| plastic |
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| t or f: Mitochondrial DNA in more plentiful in the human cell than is nuclear DNA. |
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| true |
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| A type B individual may have the genotype___ or the genotype___ |
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| BB; BO |
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| Fingerprints on hard and nonabsorbent surfaces are best developed by the application of a_____ |
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| powder |
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| ____regions of mitochondrial DNA have been found to be highly variable in human populations |
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| 2 |
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| Fingerprints on porous surfaces are best developed with _________ treatments |
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| Chemical |
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| T or F: Polymerase chain reaction is a part of the process used in the forensic analysis of RFLP, STRs, and mitochondrial |
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| false |
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| ______vapors chemically combine with fatty oils or residual water to visualize a fingerprint. |
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| Iodine |
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| A type AB mother and the AB father will have offspring of what possible genotypes(combo) |
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| AA, AB, BB |
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| The national DNA database in the US has standardized on _____ STRs for entry into the database |
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| 13 |
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| The Chemical_______visualizes fingerprints by its reaction with amino acids. |
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| ninhydrin |
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| A type AB mother and type AB father will have offspring of what possible phenotypes |
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| A, B, AB |
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| Small amounts of Blood are best submitted to a crime laboratory in ____conditions |
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| dry |
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| t or f: Airtight packages make the best containers for blood-containing evidence. |
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| false |
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| A typical STR DNA type emanating from a single indivdual shows a ____-band pattern. |
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| two |
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| A chemical technique known as ________is used to develope latent prints on nonporous surfaces such as metal and plastic. |
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| Superglue Fuming |
