Flash Cards based on the Exam 2 Review – Lipids – Flashcards
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| Define the following: Saturated Fatty Acids |
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| Solid animal fats Harder to excrete and easier to store NO Double Bonds |
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| Define the following: Mono- or Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
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| Primary fat in plants and fish Oils More easily excreted One or More Double Bonds |
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| Define the following: Prostaglandins |
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| Polyunsaturated fatty acids that regulate renin release, uterine contraction, and platelet aggregation |
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| Define the following: Trans fatty acids |
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| Man-made chemically-induced fats from the conversion of oils to solids. Structurally more closely related to saturated fats. NOT Natural |
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| What does Prostaglandins regulate? |
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| renin release, uterine contraction, and platelet aggregation |
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| What type of fatty acid is Margarine an example of? |
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| Trans Fatty acids |
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| Are lipids soluble in water? |
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| No |
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| Are Lipids organic or inorganic? |
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| Organic |
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| What are most lipids transported in plasma by? |
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| Carrier proteins |
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| Lipids are what type of precursors? |
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| Hormone |
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| What are 2 locations of Lipids? |
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| Cell membranes Insulation |
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| Endogenous |
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| Synthesized in Liver |
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| Exogenous |
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| Dietary, Essential |
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| 2 Functions of Lipids? |
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| Provide cellular energy via production of acetyl CoA Building blocks of other lipids |
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| 3 Fatty Acids + Glycerol Water Insoluble Insulator/Cushion |
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| Triglycerides |
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| What is the main source of Triglycerides? |
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| Diet |
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| What type of specimen is required for Triglycerides? |
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| Fasting |
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| What hydrolyzes Tg into FFA and glycerol so it can be taken up by cells for energy? |
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| Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) |
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| Excess FFA are re-formed into what as storage fat? |
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| Triglycerides |
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| True or False: Tg can be mobilized when needed for energy |
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| Ttrue |
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| What are 3 times when Tg can be mobilized when needed for energy |
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| Starvation Diabetes Stress |
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| Unsaturated Steroid Alcohol 'Esterified' |
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| Cholesterol |
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| Exogenous Cholesterol accounts for what % of total cholesterol? |
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| 10-15% |
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| Endogenous Cholesterol accounts for what % of total cholesterol? |
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| 85-90% |
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| What is the Vitamin D and Steroid Hormone Precursor? |
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| Cholesterol |
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| Where is Cholesterol converted to bile acids to aid in fat absorption? |
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| Liver |
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| What organ is the main route of cholesterol removal? |
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| Liver |
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| Can you find Cholesterol in cell membranes? |
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| Yes |
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| Is Cholesterol a GOOD source of energy fuel? |
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| No |
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| What contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups? |
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| Phospholipids |
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| Name 3 phospholipid lung surfactants |
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| Lecithin Sphingomyelin Phosphatidylglyercol |
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| What contains sugar + lipid (ceramide) |
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| Glycolipids |
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| What makes up the cell membranes of the brain and CNS |
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| Gangliosides |
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| True or False: Glycolipids serve a role in blood typing |
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| True |
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| What does the following stand for: VLDL |
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| Very Low Density Lipids |
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| What does the following stand for: LDL |
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| Low Density Lipids |
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| What does the following stand for: HDL |
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| High Density Lipids |
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| Where is VLDL made? |
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| Liver |
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| What does VLDL transport to cells for energy or storage? |
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| Triglycerides |
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| VLDL is stimulated by what? |
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| Intake of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids |
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| What does VLDL cause? |
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| Obvious Lipemia |
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| What is LDL? |
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| VLDL remnant after Tg has been deposited |
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| What does LDL transport to tissues for cell membranes and hormone synthesis? |
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| Cholesterol |
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| Excess cholesterol is absorbed by macrophages in vessels, this leads to what? |
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| foam cells and plaques |
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| What can/do plaques lead to? |
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| Atherosclerosis CAD Stroke |
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| Where are HDLs mostly made? |
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| Liver |
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| HDL contains a higher percentage of what? |
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| Protein |
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| What does HDL transport from tissues to liver for disposal as bile acids? |
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| Excess cholesterol |
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| True or False: High levels of Lp(a) may be genetically controlled |
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| True |
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| What does Lp(a) interfere with? |
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| Normal plasminogen function |
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| The presence of Lipoprotein a may promote what? |
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| Clotting |
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| What does Lipoprotein a have a Strong correlation with? |
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| Family history of heart disease/stroke at an Early Age |
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| Lipid + Protein |
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| Lipoprotein |
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| What is a Lipoprotein? |
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| Protein/Phospholipid sphere with lipid in teh core |
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| What is the function of Lipoproteins? |
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| Transport lipids through the bloodstream |
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| What are 4 types of Lipoproteins? |
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| Chylomicrons VLDL HDL LDL |
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| Chylomicrons are made where in response to fatty foods? |
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| Intestines |
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| Chylomicrons carry what to adipose tissue for storage? |
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| Exogenous lipids Mainly Tg |
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| Chylomicrons carry exogenous lipids to where organs for energy? |
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| Liver Muscles |
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| It takes how many hours after a meal to clear the bloodstream of Chylomicrons? |
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| 6-8 hours |
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| What is the main cause of lipemia? |
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| Chylomicrons |
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| What will a non-fasting specimen of Chylomicrons show? |
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| Creamy layer on the top of the serum after refrigeration |
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| Desirable range of Tg (fasting) |
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| <150 mg/dL |
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| Desirable range of Total Cholesterol |
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| <200 mg/dL |
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| Desirable range of HDL Cholesterol |
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| > or = 60 mg/dL |
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| Desirable range of LDL Cholesterol |
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| <110 mg/dL |
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| 3 Causes of Dyslipidemias |
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| Genetic/familial Lifestyle Secondary to other diseases |
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| What is the formula used to calculate VLDL? |
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| Triglycerides / 5 |
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| What is the formula used to calculate LDL? |
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| Total cholesterol - HDL - VLDL |
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| What amount of Triglycerides will make the Friedewald calculation invalid? |
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| >400 |
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| What type of method is used to measure HDL? |
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| Homogeneous method |
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| For measuring HDL what type of enzymes block non-HDL lipoproteins? |
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| Selective |
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| A second reagent is used in the homogeneous method for measuring HDL to do what? |
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| Quantitate HDL |
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| Arteriosclerosis |
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| Thickening or hardening of vessels; loss of elasticity |
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| What is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States of America? |
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| Arteriosclerosis |
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| What does Increased Cholesterol lead to? |
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| Foam cells --> Fatty streaks --> Plaques -->Thrombosis / Blockage |
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| Arteriosclerosis - Brain = CVD = ? |
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| Strokes |
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| Arteriosclerosis - Arms, legs = |
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| PVD |
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| Arteriosclerosis - Heart = CAD or _______ = angina and MI |
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| Atherosclerosis |
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| Arteriosclerosis - Cholesterol Increases, what happens to LDL and HDL? |
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| LDL Increases HDL Decreases |
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| What is the treatment for Arteriosclerosis? |
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| Statins and bile acid sequestrants |
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| What are the 2 Consequences of Chronically High Lipids? |
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| Arteriosclerosis Gallstones |
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| What is the most common type of gallstone? |
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| Cholesterol-containing |
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| Why are gallstones formed? |
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| Bile contains more cholesterol than can be kept in solution. It then precipitates. |
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| Which sex tends to have more gallstones? |
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| Women |
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| What are 2 factors that can increase the risk of gallstones? |
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| Obesity Poor Diet |
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| What are 7 conditions that are associated with Dyslipidemia? |
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| Type 2 Diabetes Nephrotic syndrome Familial Hypercholesterolemia Familial Hypertriglyceridemia Alcoholism Tangier's Disease Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X |
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| What is deficient in Type 2 Diabetes? |
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| LDL |
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| What is increased in Type 2 Diabetes? |
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| Triglycerides Total Cholesterol |
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| What does the LDL Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes cause? |
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| Increased circulating Tg |
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| What does hyperglycemia cause? |
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| Increased fat production in liver = Increased Tg in blood |
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| What does insulin resistance cause? |
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| Increased mobilized FFA = Increased Acetyl CoA = Increased Cholesterol |
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| What is Nephrotic Syndrome caused by? |
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| Loss of glomerular function |
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| What decreases in Nephrotic Syndrome? |
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| Serum Albumin |
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| What 2 substances increase in Nephrotic Syndrome? |
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| Serum Triglycerides and Cholesterol |
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| What can typically be seen with Nephrotic Syndrome? |
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| Proteinuria OFB Free fat globules Fatty casts Cholesterol Crystals |
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| With Familial Hypercholesterolemia which type is rare? |
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| Homozygous |
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| With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia what does the Cholesterol get up to? |
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| 1000 |
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| With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia what does the Cholesterol get up to? |
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| 600 |
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| With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia one can see heart attacks as early as what age? |
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| Teen years |
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| With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia one can see heart disease in what age range? |
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| 20s-50s |
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| What does Familial Hypercholesterolemia lack? |
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| LDL cell receptors |
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| Does LDL accumulate in the blood in Familial Hypercholesterolemia? |
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| Yes |
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| What increases in Familial Hypercholesterolemia? |
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| Total Cholesterol LDL |
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| Is Familial Hypercholesterolemia associated with obesity? |
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| No |
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| Xanthomas and Arcus are associated with which condition? |
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| Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
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| What causes (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia? |
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| Imbalance between synthesis and clearance of VLDL |
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| (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia is an Imbalance between synthesis and clearance of what? |
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| VLDL |
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| What is (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia deficient in? |
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| LDL |
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| What will patients with (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia have even after fasting? |
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| Chylomicrons |
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| What can (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia cause? |
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| Acute pancreatitis |
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| What can poor diet habits lead to? |
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| Increased Fatty acid synthesis for cellular energy |
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| Alcohol interferes with with LPL, so what 2 substances accumulate in blood? |
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| Tg VLDL |
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| ___% of cases of pancreatitis are caused by alcoholism |
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| 75% |
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| GGT, AST/ALT are associated with which condtion associated with dyslipidemia? |
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| Alcoholism |
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| Cirrhosis and beta-gama briding are associated with which condition? |
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| Alcoholism |
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| What is absent in Tangier's Disease? |
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| Apoprotein A = NO HDL |
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| Tangier's Disease puts its patients at what type of risk? |
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| Premature risk of CHD |
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| Enlarged discolored tonsils and spleen are associated with which condition? |
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| Tangier's Disease |
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| What are 3 other causes associated with dyslipidemia? |
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| Smoking Hypertension Menopause |
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| Patients are at risk for Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X if they have 3 or more of what? |
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| Large waistline Higher triglyceride Lower HDL Higher BP Higher Fasting Glucose Sedentary lifestyle |
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| What 3 things could be higher for Patients of Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X |
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| BP Fasting Glucose Triglyceride |
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| Most cholesterol exists as what? |
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| Cholesteryl esters |
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| Enzymatic methods separate cholesterol from what? |
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| Fatty Acids |
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| What interferes with the lab analysis for Total Cholesterol? |
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| Bilirubin Ascorbic Acid |
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| When analyzing Triglycerides in the lab which enzyme starts the reaction? |
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| Lipase |
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| What type of specimens are preferred to avoid false elevations from dietary Triglycerides? |
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| Fasting |
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| What will cause a false elevation of Triglycerides? |
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| Free glycerol (endogenous) |
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| When testing Triglycerides what type of "blank" should you use to overcome a potential false elevation? |
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| Glycerol |
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| What is steatorrhea? |
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| Presence of excess fat in feces |
