Flashcards and Answers – Final Review

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
periodic law
answer
when elemets are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physica and chemical properties
question
metals
answer
are good cnductors of heat and electricity, have a high luster, and are usually malleable and ductile
question
nonmetals
answer
poor conductors of heat and electricity, tend to e brittle
question
metalloids
answer
generally have properties similar to metals and nonmetals, their behavior can often be controlled by changing the conditions
question
alkali metals
answer
group 1a elements in the periodic table
question
alkaline earth metals
answer
group 2a elements on the periodic table
question
halogens
answer
group 7a elements on the periodic table
question
noble gases
answer
group 8a elements, the s and p sublevels of the highest occupied energy level are filled
question
representative elements
answer
group 1a through 7a, display a wide range of physical and chemical properties, s and p sublevels of the highet occupied energy level are not filled, its group number equals the number of electron in its highet occupied energy level
question
representative elements
answer
group 1a through 7a, display a wide range of physical and chemical properties, s and p sublevels of the highet occupied energy level are not filled, its group number equals the number of electron in its highet occupied energy level
question
transition metal
answer
one of the groub B elements in which the highest occupieds sublevel and a nearby d sublevel generally contain electrons
question
inner transition metal
answer
highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby f sublevel generally contain electrons
question
valence electrons
answer
electronsin the highest occupied energ level
question
valence electrons
answer
electronsin the highest occupied energ level
question
octet rule
answer
by Gibert Lewis
in foring compounds, atoms tend to achieve electron configurations of a noble gas
question
halide ion
answer
ions produced when atoms of chlorine and other halogens gain electrons
all halide ions have a charge of 1-
question
ionic compounds
answer
compounds composed of anions and cations
usually metal cations and nonmetal anions
electrically neutral
question
ionic compounds
answer
compounds composed of anions and cations
usually metal cations and nonmetal anions
electrically neutral
question
ionic compounds
answer
compounds composed of anions and cations
usually metal cations and nonmetal anions
electrically neutral
question
ionic bond
answer
the electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds
question
ionic bond
answer
the electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds
question
chemical formula
answer
shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative unit of that substance
eg: NaCl
question
formula unit
answer
lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound
eg: NaCl (1:1), MgCl2 (1:2)
question
properties of ionic compounds
answer
chrystalline solids at room temperature
high melting points
can conduct an electrical current when melted or dissolve in water
question
coordination number
answer
the number o ions of opposite charge that surroud the ion in a chrystal
question
metallic bonds
answer
the attraction of the free-floating valence electrons forthe positively charged metal ions
forces of attraction that hold metals together
question
alloys
answer
mixtures composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
eg: brass=copper+zinc
question
covalent bond
answer
held together by sharing electrons
question
molecule
answer
neutral group of atoms joined by covalent bonds
question
diatomic molecule
answer
molecule consisting of two atoms
question
molecular compound
answer
comound composed of molecules
tend to have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds
question
molecular formula
answer
chemical formula of a molecular compound
shows how many atoms of each element a molecule contains
question
single covalent bond
answer
two atoms hld together by sharing a pair of electrons
question
structural formula
answer
represents the covalent bonds by dashes and shows the arrangement of covalently bonded atoms
question
unshared pair
answer
lone pair, non-bonding pair
pair of valence electrons that is not shared between atoms
question
double covalent bond
answer
bond that involves two shared pair of electrons
question
triple covalent bond
answer
bond formed by sharing three pairs of electrons
question
coordinate covalent bond
answer
covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons
question
polyatomic ion
answer
a tightly bond grup of atoms that has a positive or negative charge and behaves as unit
eg: NH4+
question
bond dissociation energy
answer
the enery required to break the bond between two covalently bonded atoms
question
resonance structure
answer
a structure that occurs when it is possible to draw two or more valid electron dot structures
question
the octet rule cannot be satisfied when
answer
a molecule's total number of valence electrons is an odd number
question
monatomic ions
answer
consist of a single atom with a positive or negative charge resulting from the loss or gain of one ormore valence electrons
question
polyatomic ions
answer
ions composed of more than one atom
their names usually end in -ite or -ate
question
binary compound
answer
composed of two elements and can either be ionic or molecular
question
prefixes for binary compounds
answer
1 - mono, 2 - di, 3 - tri,4 - tetra, 5 - penta, 6 - hexa, 7 - hepta, 8 - octa, 9 - nona, 10 - deca
question
law of definite proportions
answer
in samples of any chemical compound, the masses of the masses of the elements are always in the same proportions
question
law of multiple proportions
answer
whenever the same two elements form more than one compound, he different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers
question
-ide ending indicates
answer
binary compound
question
-ide ending indicates
answer
binary compound
question
-ide ending indicates
answer
binary compound
question
-ite or -ate endings
answer
polyatomic ion that includes oxygen
-ate indicates more oxygen
question
prefixes indicate
answer
the compound is molecular
question
roman numeral after the name of a cation
answer
shows the ionic charge of the cation
question
mole
answer
6.02 x 1023 representative particles of that substance and is in the SI unit for measuring the amount of a substance
question
Avogadro's number
answer

6.02 x 102

the number of representative particles in a mole

question
molar mass
answer
the mass of a mole of an element
to calculte: find the number of grams of each element in one mole of the compound, then add the masses of the elements in the compound
question
Avogadro's hypothesis
answer
equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles
question
standard tempeature and pressure (STP)
answer
0 degrees celcius
273 K
1 atm
101.3 kPa
question
chemical equation
answer
a representation of a chemical reaction
the formulas of the reactants are connectd by an arrow with the formuls of the products
question
skeleton equation
answer
chemical equation that does not indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products
question
catalyst
answer
a substance that speeds up a reaction but is not used up
question
coefficients
answer
small whole numbers that are placed in front of the formulas in an equation in order to balance it
question
balanced equation
answer
each side of the equation has the same number of each atoms of each element and mass is conserved
question
combination reaction
answer
chemical change in which two or more substances react to form a single new substance
question
decomposition reaction
answer
chemical change in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler products
question
single replacement reaction
answer
chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound
question
activity series
answer
lists metal in order of decreasing activity
a reactive metal will replace any metal listed below it in the activity series
question
double replacement reaction
answer
chemical change involving an exchange of positive ions between two compounds
question
combustion reaction
answer
chemical change in which an element or compound reacts with oxygen often proucing energy in the form of heat and light
question
stoichiometry
answer
the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions
question
mole ratio
answer
conversion factor derived from the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation interpreted in terms of moles
question
kinetic energy
answer
the energy an object has because of its motion
question
kinetic theory
answer
question
gas pressure
answer
results from the force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object
question
vacuum
answer
an empty space with no particles and no pressure
question
atmospheric pressure
answer
results from the collision of atoms and molecules in air with objets
question
barometer
answer
device used to measure atmospheric pressure
question
pascal (Pa)
answer
SI unit of pressure, very small amount
question
standard atmosphere (atm)
answer
the pressure required to support 760 mm of mercury in a mercury barometer at 5 degrees C
question
compressibility
answer
a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure
question
Boyle's law
answer
for a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely with the pressure
P1 x V1=P2 x V2
question
Charles's law
answer
the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant
V1/T1=V2/T2
question
Gay-Lussac's law
answer
the pressure of a gas is directly proportional tote Kelvin temperature if the volume remains constant
P1/T1=P2/T2
question
combined gas law
answer
calculations when only amount is constant
P1 x V1 /T1=P2 x V2 /T2
question
ideal gas constant
answer
(R) 8.31 (LxkPa)/(Kxmol)
question
ideal gas law
answer
PV=nRT
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New