Final Practical Flashcard
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| Explain the major difference between viruses and other microorganisms |
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| The major difference between viruses and other microorganisms is viruses cannot replicate with a host organism, while microorganisms can replicate themselves. |
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| What is the composition & purpose of viral transport media? |
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| The purpose of viral transport media is to keep the human cell culture alive in order to support the virus and keep it alive for identification. The transport media contains proteins, sugars and salts to keep the cells alive. |
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| Susceptible patients Hepatitis panel |
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| no antibodies or antigens to any hepatitis because their immune system has never seen it before. |
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| Immune due to natural infection Hepatitis panel |
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| Total anti-HBc and anti-HBs, the antigen is not present because the patient is not currently infected with hepatitis, but the patient has antibodies to the core and surface because he was previously infected. |
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| Immune due to hepatitis vaccination Hepatitis panel |
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| anti-HBs, because the vaccine only has the surface antigens, so the patient can only make antibodies to the surface of the virus. The patient does not have core antibodies or hepatitis antigen because he is not currently infected and has never seen the core of the virus. |
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| Acutely infected Hepatitis panel |
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| , Total anti-HBc, IgM anti-HBc, the antigen is present because the patient is infected, the antibody to the core is present because the virus has exposed its core and the IgM is present because it’s an acute infection. There is no antibody to the surface of the virus because it is not circulating it is infecting the cells. |
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| Other Hepatitis panel |
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| HBsAg (-), Total anti-HBc (+) and anti-HBs (-)- (1) recovering from acute (2) test is not sensitive enough to detect low serum anti-HBs (3) susceptible with false positive and (4) chronic infection with no detectable HBsAg |
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| Distinguish between a shell vial and a cell culture techniques for virus isolation. |
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| The shell vial differs from the cell culture in that the shell vial is a mixture of the cell culture and immunofluorescence. The shell vial contains a layer of cell line at the bottom, and it allows for rapid ID via immunofluorescence by utilizing a high speed centrifuge to increase the rate of viral attachment. |
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| Latex Agglutination |
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| agglutination of latex particles coated with antibody molecules when exposed to corresponding antigen |
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| Flocculation |
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| antigen-antibody test in which a precipitin end product forms macroscopically or microscopically visible clumps |
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| ELISA |
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| an immunologic assay that uses an enzyme conjugated to antibodies to produce a visible endpoint |
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| Western Blot |
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| antigenic proteins of an organism are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to membrane filters. Antiserum is allowed to react with the filters, and specific antibody bound to its homologous antigen is detected using labeled anti-antibody detectors |
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| Immunofluorescence |
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| microscopic method of determining the presence or location of an antigen (or antibody) by demonstrating fluorescence when the preparation is exposed to a fluorescein-tagged antibody (or antigen) using ultraviolet radiation |
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| PCR |
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| a method for expanding small discrete sections of DNA by binding DNA primers to sections at the ends of the DNA to be expanded and using cycles of heat (to create single-stranded DNA) and cooler temperatures (to allow DNA polymerase enzyme to create new section of DNA between the primer ends) |
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| Explain how a blood culture incubator detects metabolic activity. |
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| The incubator detects and metabolic activity in the bottle by changes in O2 or CO2 concentration. |
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| Explain the proper technique for collecting blood cultures. |
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| Blood culture bottles should be collected in two sets of 2 tubes (anaerobic and aerobic) from two different sites of the body. Puncture site has to be cleaned with 70% isopropyl alcohol, iodine, or chlorhexidine solution and then 10-20mL of blood are collected for each tube. 1-5 mL for an infant. |
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| List the advantage of a cytospin smear over a standard gram stain of a body fluid. |
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| A cytospin concentrates the bacteria present in a supposedly sterile fluid. If you do a gram stain you might miss the bacteria if it is present in a low concentration. |
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| nterpret laboratory data that indicate bacterial meningitis |
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| Bacterial meningitis presents with a high neutrophil count, high protein, and low glucose level |
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| Interpret laboratory data that indicate viral meningitis |
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| Viral meningitis presents with a high lymphocyte count |
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| Explain the purpose of a tissue grinder for the culturing body tissue. |
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| A tissue grinder is used to grind large pieces of tissue in order to perform a culture on a plate. |
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| For a small 1 uL loop |
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| # of colonies x 1000 = # of CFU/mL |
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| For a large 10 uL loop |
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| # of colonies x 100 = # of CFU/mL |
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| Purpose of Blood Plate in Stool Culture |
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| pick up all organisms in the stool |
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| Purpose of MacConkey Plate in Stool Culture |
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| differentiate lactose-fermentors from non-lactose fermentors (Salmonella, Shigella) |
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| Purpose of Hektoen Plate in Stool Culture |
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| differentiates Salmonella (H2S producing bacteria= black) from Shigella (non-H2S, green) |
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| Purpose of Campy Agar Plate in Stool Culture |
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| incubated microaerophilically in CO2 chamber for campylobacter |
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| What is the clinical significance of a gram stain on a male & female genital culture |
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| A positive gram stain on a male genital culture is diagnostic for Chlamydia. A gram stain on a female is not considered because there is normal flora in the vaginal culture. |
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| Normal Flora Blood |
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| Diphtheroids, Proprionibacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Coagulase negative staph, Strep viridians |
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| Pathogens blood |
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| B. anthrasis, CoAg Neg Staph (septicemia/endocarditis), S. epidermidis, Streptococcus bovis, Strep viridians (infection from oral cavity, common cause of endocarditis), Enterococcus spp., S. pneumoniae, Beta hemolytic strep, S. aureus, Enteric bacteria, P. aeruginosia (LPS in cell walls), Anaerobes ( Bacteroides, Clostridium, etc.), parasites |
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| Normal Flora CSF |
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| none |
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| Pathogens CSF |
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| Hemophilus influenza type B (Hib), N. meningitis - meningococcus, S. pneumonia – pneumococcus, Listeria monocytogenes, S. aureus, Enterics, Group B Strep – newborns |
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| Normal Flora Sterile Fluids |
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| none |
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| Pathogens Sterile Fluids |
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| S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. pneumonia, Beta hemolytic Strep, H. influenza, N. gonorrhea, Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosia, Acinetobacter spp., Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Mycobacterium spp., Anaerobes, Fungus |
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| Normal Flora Wound Cultures |
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| CoAg Neg Staph, Diptheroids, and Proprionibacterium sp. |
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| Wound Pathogens |
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| Staphylococcus aureus (most common), Group A strep (Impetigo, flesh eating bacteria), Enterococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosia, Eikenella corrodens (human bite), Pasturella multocida (cat & dog bites), Vibrio vulnificus (salt water wounds), Bacillus anthrasis (wool sorter’s disease), Erysipelothrix sp., Fungus, Parasites & Viruses |
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| Wound Pathogens Anaerobes |
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| Actinomyces spp, Bacteroides spp, Clostridium spp., Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium spp., Peptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Proprionibacterium spp., Prevotella spp.and Veillonella spp. |
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| Normal Respiratory Flora |
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| Coagulase negative staph, Micrococcus sp., S. aureus, Diphtheroids, Strep viridians, Enteroococcus spp., Neisseria spp., Haemophilus spp. |
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| Respiratory pathogens |
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| Streptococcus pneumonia, Beta hemolytic strep, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenza, Neisseria meningitis, Moraxilla catarrhalis, Enterobacteiacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosia, Acinetobacter spp., Burkholderia cepacia, Bordetella pertussis – specialized media, DFA, Corynebacterium diphtheria – specialized media, Corynebacterium jekeium, Legionella spp. – Urine Ag EIA test, Mycobacterium spp., Nocardia spp., Mycoplasma pneumonia – EIA, Fungus, Parasites and Viruses |
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| Normal Flora Urine |
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| Coagulase negative Staphylococcus, Viridans streptococci, Diphtheroids. Lactobacillus sp., Fecal flora < 10,000 CFU/mL from clean catch |
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| Pathogens Urine |
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| Echerichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca & pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae & aerogenes, Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris & mirabilis, Providentia stuartii, Pseudomonas aeruginosia, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus facium & faecalis |
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| Normal Flora Stool |
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| E. coli, M. morganii, Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., etc) & Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp, yeast |
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| Pathogens Stool |
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| Shigella sp. – HE, Salmonella sp. – HE, Yersinia enterolytica – CIN. Vibrio cholera – TCBS, Campylobacter jejeuni – Campy agar, E.coli O157:H7 – SMAC agar or serology, Clostridium spp. – C.diff toxin A&B or PCR |
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| Normal Flora Genital cultures |
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| Lactobacillus sp., Coagulase negative Staphylococcus |
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| Pathogens Genital culture |
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| Neisseria gonorrhea, Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus sp., Haemophilus ducreyi, Group B Streptococcus in pregnant worman, Significant growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Significant growth of Gram negative rods |
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| Whats on a respiratory panel? |
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| adenovirus, influenza (a and b), paraiinfluenza (1,2 and 3) and RSV |
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| Western blot detects |
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| antibodies to viral protein |
