Final Exam_Grammar/Syntax Review – Flashcards
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All nouns whose genitive singular end in ______ belong to the 3rd declension.
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-is
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How many genders are there in the 3rd declension?
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all 3
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3rd declension masculine and feminine nouns _______ case endings.
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share
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How do you know the gender of a 3rd declension noun?
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It must be memorized.
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The 3rd declension has no standard ending for which case?
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Nominative singular
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What are the 3rd declension m/f case endings?
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-various -is -? -em -e -?s -um -ibus -?s -ibus
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The vocative of the 3rd declension is .....
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identical to the nominative in both singular and plural.
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How do Latin adjectives agree with the nouns they modify?
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gender / number / case but NOT declension
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What are the 5 attributes of a Latin verb?
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person number tense mood voice
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What are the 3 grammar persons?
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1st 2nd 3rd
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What are the 2 grammar numbers?
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singular plural
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What are the 6 verb tenses?
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present imperfect future present perfect pluperfect future perfect
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What are the 2 voices of verbs?
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active passive
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What are the 3 moods of verbs?
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indicative imperative subjunctive
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What is the indicative mood used for?
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statements questions
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What is the imperative mood used for?
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commands
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How do you form the imperative singular of Latin verbs?
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Use the present stem (go to the 2nd p.p., remove the -?)
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How do you form the imperative plural of Latin verbs?
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add "-te" to the imperative singular
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What are the singular and plural imperatives of "sum"?
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es este
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What are the *6* cases of Latin nouns?
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Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative *Vocative
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What is the vocative case used for?
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nouns of direct address
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The vocative case is identical to the ________________ case, EXCEPT for .....
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nominative 2nd D -us, and -ius -----> Vocative = -e proper nouns of -ius the word, "filius" ------> Vocative = -?
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The plural of all Latin nouns has the vocative the same as the _________________ .
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nominative
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The vocative is rarely the ______ word of a sentence and is off set by _____________ .
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first commas
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What are the 3 tenses of the Perfect System?
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Present Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect
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How do you form the Pluperfect Tense?
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Go to the 3rd p.p., remove the -? ; then add the pluperfect tense endings
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What are the Pluperfect Tense endings?
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-eram -er?s -erat -er?mus -er?tis -erant
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What is the tense sign of the Pluperfect Tense?
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-er?
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To translate the Pluperfect Tense, use the English helping verb _______ and the _______ form of the verb.
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had -ed
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The Pluperfect Tense describes....
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a past action completed before another past action.
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How do you form the Future Perfect Tense?
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Go to the 3rd p.p., remove the ?; then add the future perfect tense endings.
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What are the Future Perfect Tense endings?
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-er? -eris -erit -erimus -eritis -erint
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What is the tense sign of the Future Perfect Tense?
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-eri
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To translate the Future Perfect Tense, use the English helping verbs _____ ________ and the _______ form of the verb.
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will have -ed
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The Future Perfect Tense describes...
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a future action that WILL BE completed prior to another future action.
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How do you form the Perfect System of "to be"?
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Use the 3rd p.p. of "sum", remove the ? and add the perfect system tense endings. fu-
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1st/2nd declension adjectives can be formed into...
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adverbs
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For most 1st/2nd declension adjectives, simple add an ____ to the _________ .
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-? base
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How do you find the base of a 1st/2nd declension adjective?
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use the feminine form and drop the -a
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What is the adverb form of "bonus" (good)?
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bene (well)
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What is the adverb form of "malus" (bad)?
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male (badly)
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Perfect Tense Endings
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-? -ist? -it -imus -istis -erunt
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How do you form the Perfect Tense?
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Go to the 3rd p.p., remove the -? ; then add the perfect tense endings
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How do you form the Perfect Tense of irregular verbs?
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The same way you form it for regular verbs.
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To translate the Perfect Tense, use the English helping verbs ________/_________ and the _______ form of the verb.
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have / has -ed
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To communicate the English simple past tense, use the Latin ________________________ .
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Perfect Tense
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The Perfect Tense describes an action that ....
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was completed at the time of speaking OR occurred in past time
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The Imperfect Tense describes an action that...
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was ongoing in past time
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Latin verbs have 4 ___________ ______________.
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principle parts
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What are the 4 principle parts of Latin verbs?
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present indicative infinitive perfect indicative supine (perfect participle)
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What is the pattern of the 4 principle parts of 1st conjugation?
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-? -?re -?v? -?tum
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How do you get the present stem?
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Go to the 2nd p.p. and remove the -re
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How do you get the perfect stem?
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Go to the 3rd p.p. and remove the -?
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How do you get the supine stem?
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Go to the 4th p.p. and remove the -um
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Latin verbs whose 2nd p.p. ends in ________ belong to the 1st conjugation.
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-?re
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A verb that does not follow the pattern for principle parts is ...
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irregular
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The 2 irregular verbs in Ch 10 are...
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d?, dare, ded?, datum (I give) st?, st?re,stet?, statum (I stand)
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The use of "nonne" implies....
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a question that expects a "yes" answer
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The use of "num" implies...
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a question that expects a "no" answer
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What is the irregular verb "to be" in Latin?
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sum, esse, fu?, futurum
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What are the forms of sum in the imperfect tense?
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eram er?s erat er?mus er?tis erant
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What English forms of "to be" are used to translate the imperfect tense?
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was, were
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What are the forms of sum in the future tense?
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er? eris erit erimus eritis erunt
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What English forms of "to be" are used to translate the future tense?
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shall, will
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In Latin, how are the means by which something is accomplished or the instrument by which it is achieved expressed?
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ablative case WITHOUT a preposition
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How is the Ablative of means or instrument translated?
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Using the preposition "with" or another preposition that expresses "by means of"
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What is an adverb?
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An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
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Some adjectives of the 1st/2nd declensions have a nominative ending of -_______ . These adjectives either ____________ or ____________ the -e before declining.
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-er drop retain
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Which 2 adjectives from Ch 8 RETAIN the -er?
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liber, -a, -um miser, -a, -um
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Why can adjectives that DROP the -e not be abbreviated in dictionary form?
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Because it would appear that they retain the -e" sacer, sacra, sacrum (Proper dictionary form demonstrates the spelling change.)
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Which case is used in Latin for Indirect Objects?
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Dative
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Where does the IO usually appear in Latin sentences?
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Before the DO
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Latin verbs have ___ systems with ___ tenses in each system.
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2 3
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To conjugate a verb in the present system add the ___________ ____________ to the ____________ __________ .
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tense endings present stem
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To find the present stem of a Latin verb: 1) 2)
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1) go to the 2nd p.p. 2) remove the "-re"
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The pattern of the 4 principal parts for 1st conjugation verbs is...
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-?, -?re, -?vi, -?tum
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The rules for the macron over the stem vowel, "-?", in the 1st conjugation are....
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Stem vowel is SHORT (-a) in the 3rd person singular and plural in the Present Tense. Stem vowel is LONG (-?) in all Imperfect and Future Tense forms.
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The 3 tenses of the present system are...
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present imperfect future
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Present Tense endings
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-? -s -t -mus -tis -nt (*MACRON on 1st person singular)
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Imperfect Tense endings
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-bam -b?s -bat -b?mus -b?tis -bant (*MACRONS on 2nd person singular and 1st & 2nd person plural)
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Tense sign of the imperfect tense
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-b?
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Future Tense endings
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-b? -bis -bit -bimus -bitis -bunt (*MACRON on 1st person singular)
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Tense sign of the future tense
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-bi
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The present tense describes...
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an action happening now (in the present)
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3 translations of the present tense "voc?"
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I call (simple) I am calling (progressive) I do call (emphatic)
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The imperfect tense describes...
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an ongoing action in the past
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In Latin, "imperfect" means
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not finished
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3 translations of the imperfect tense "voc?bam"
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I was calling (standard) I used to call (sometimes) I called (rarely)
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The future tense describes...
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an action that will take place in the future
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1 translation of the future tense "voc?b?"
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I will (shall) call
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What does an adjective do?
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Modifies a noun or pronoun
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Latin adjectives in -us, -a, -um belong to...
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1st/2nd declensions
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The dictionary form, -us, -a, -um, refers to ...
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the 3 genders: -us = masculine -a = feminine -um = neuter
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Where do adjectives of the 1st/2nd declension get their endings?
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masculine - 2nd D -us feminine - 1st D neuter - 2nd D -um
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How must Latin adjectives agree with the nouns they modify?
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gender / # / case / but NOT declension
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The Latin ppa's "my, mine" and "your, yours" are special because...
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even though they technically refer to a "person" they still act as adjectives and MUST match the noun they modify in gender/ # / case / but NOT declension. meus, -a, -um tuus, -a, -um
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What is the "rule of thumb" for the placement of Latin adjectives?
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In general, adjectives of # / quantity come BEFORE the noun adjectives of quality come AFTER the noun
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A Latin adjective being used as a noun is called ___________________ .
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substantive
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2nd Declension (n) endings
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-um -? -? -um ? -a -?rum -?s -a -?s
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What are the 2 parts of the neuter rule?
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1) Nominative and Accusative endings always match. 2) They are always -a in the plural.
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Some Latin prepositions can take Accusative objects to mean....
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"place TO which" (the goal toward which the action of the verb is directed)
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Some Latin prepositions can take Ablative objects to mean...
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"place FROM which" (the point from which motion takes place)
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2nd declension endings
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-us -? -? -um ? -? -?rum -?s -?s -?s
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Latin nouns whose genitive singular end in ________ belong to the 2nd declenson
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-?
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The gender rule for 2nd declension is
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2D -us M, -um N
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Some 2nd declension nouns end in _____ or _____ in the nominative singular.
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-er or -ir
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2nd Declension -er nouns either _______ or ________ the -e in the genitive singular.
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drop or retain
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The genitive case is used to __________ ___________ . It can be translated 2 ways:
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show possession Ex: poetae (of the poet or poet's)
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2 special vocab words of the 1st declension have variations on their dative and ablative plural forms in order to avoid confusion with similar words. They are:
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dea, deae "goddess" dative & ablative (pl) = de?bus filia, filiae "daughter" dative & ablative (pl) = fili?bus
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What is the conjugation for the simple present tense of "to be"?
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sum es est sumus estis sunt
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The ablative of "place where" is shown by
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the ablative case with the preposition "in"
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To turn a statement into a question which has a "yes" or "no" answer
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add the enclitic, "-ne", to the first word of the sentence
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To ask a question that does NOT have a "yes" or "no" answer
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use an interrogative pronoun to begin the sentence (ex: quid, ubi )
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To join together two words of like syntax (ex: girl and boy, poets and sailors, good and bad )
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add the enclitic, "-que", on the end of the second word in the phrase (ex: puella puerque, poetae nautaeque, bonum malumque)
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How do you translate "est" when it is the first word in a Latin sentence?
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"There is...."
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How do you translate "sunt" when it is the first word in a Latin sentence?
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"There are...."
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What are the Latin personal endings?
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-o -s -t -mus -tis -nt
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Latin verbs belong to families called _____________ .
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conjugations
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The pattern for 1st conjugation principle parts is
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-?, -?re, ?vi, ?tus am?, am?re, am?vi, am?tus
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Verbs whose present stem ends in _______ belong to the 1st conjugation.
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-?
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How do you determine the present stem of a Latin verb?
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Go to the 2nd principle part and drop the -re. What is left is the stem which tells you which conjugation a Latin verb belongs to.
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What are the three possible translations for any present tense verb?
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simple present I (verb) emphatic present I do (verb) progressive present I am (verbing) Ex: am? I love I do love I am loving
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Verbs agree with their subjects in _________ and _________ .
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person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural)
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In Latin, what case is used for the direct object?
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accusative
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1st Declension Endings
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-a -ae -ae -am -? -ae -?rum -?s -?s -?s
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What are the 5 cases of Latin nouns?
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Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative
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What are the uses and translations for each of the 5 cases of Nouns?
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Nominative / subject / the (noun) Genitive / possessive / of the (noun) Dative / indirect object / to-for the (noun) Accusative / direct object / the (noun) Ablative / object of the prep* / in-by-with-from the (noun) *the ablative case has several uses besides o.p.
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Explain the two meanings of "est"
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"est" - he, she, it is When "est" is the first word in a Latin sentence it means "There is..."
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Explain the two meanings of "sunt"
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"sunt" - they are When "sunt" is the first word in a Latin sentence it means "There are..."
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Tell 3 things about a Predicate Nominative
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1) It follows a linking verb 2) It renames the subject noun 3) It is in the nominative case SV/LV/PN
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What are 3 ways to translate "puella"
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Girl The girl A girl (Latin has no articles: a, an, the)
