question

The classic gate-control theory suggests that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in the ____

answer

spinal cord

question

Opponent-process cells have been located in the ____

answer

thalamus.

question

Information from the taste buds travels to an area of the ___

answer

temporal lobe.

question

Touching side-by-side cold and pressure spots triggers a sense of _____

answer

wetness.

question

Three steps that are basic to all sensory systems include the ________ of information to the brain.

answer

receiving, transforming, and delivering

question

Which of the following best illustrates the impact of central nervous system activity in the absence of normal sensory input?

answer

tinnitus

question

In response to a harmful stimulus, ________ initiate neural impulses leading to the sensation of pain.

answer

nociceptors

question

Brightness constancy is most clearly facilitated by ____

answer

relative luminance

question

The influence of schemas on our interpretations of ambiguous sensations best illustrates ____

answer

top-down processing.

question

Mr. Logwood's eyewitness perceptions of a car accident were influenced by his inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences, his learned schemas, and by other eyewitnesses' reactions to the car accident. An integrated understanding of Mr. Logwood's perceptions of the accident is most clearly provided by ____

answer

a biopsychosocial approach.

question

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent ____

answer

rehearsal

question

The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she had been introduced. Her ineffective recall of these particular names best illustrates the benefits of ____

answer

flashbulb memory.

question

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is called ____

answer

retroactive interference

question

The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by ____

answer

retrieval failur

question

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called ____

answer

retrieval cues

question

When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates ____

answer

the misinformation effect.

question

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of ____

answer

retrieval.

question

By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the process of ____

answer

long-term memory formation.

question

Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning?

answer

cerebellum

question

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of ____

answer

prototypes.

question

After Miguel's recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Broca's area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty ____

answer

.speaking fluently.

question

People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates ____

answer

belief perseverance.

question

The risks of smoking are more alarming when presented in terms of the number of smokers with lung cancer than the percentage of smokers with lung cancer. This illustrates the importance of ____

answer

framing.

question

An impaired use of language is known as ____

answer

aphasia.

question

A mental set is most likely to inhibit ____

answer

creativity.

question

A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by ____

answer

the availability heuristic.

question

Psychologists are most likely to question whether chimps have the capacity to ____

answer

use complex grammar.

question

People are less upset when they miss getting an early payment discount than when they are asked to bear a late payment surcharge. This best illustrates the importance of ____

answer

framing.

question

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by ____

answer

framing.

question

People's scores on the general intelligence factor are most highly correlated with their ability to solve ________ problems.

answer

novel

question

Sorting children into "gifted child" education programs is most likely to be criticized for ____

answer

widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups.

question

Aptitude tests are to ________ as achievement tests are to ________.

answer

future performance; current competence

question

Melinda completed the Computer Programming Aptitude Test when she applied for a position with Beta Electronics. Six months later, she took the same test when she applied for a position with another company. The fact that her scores were almost identical on the two occasions suggests that the test has a high degree of ____

answer

reliability.

question

Boys are most likely to outperform girls in a ____

answer

chess tournament

question

When completing a verbal aptitude test, members of an ethnic minority group are particularly likely to perform below their true ability levels if they believe that the test ____

answer

is biased against members of their own ethnic group.

question

In the early twentieth century, the U.S. government developed intelligence tests to evaluate newly arriving immigrants. Poor test scores among immigrants who were not of Anglo-Saxon heritage were attributed by some psychologists of that day to ____

answer

innate mental inferiority.

question

Who would have been most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an individual's mental capacities?

answer

Spearman

question

Although Nicole scored well above average on an academic aptitude test, she frequently loses her temper and needlessly antagonizes even her best friends. Her behavior best illustrates a low level of ____

answer

emotional intelligence.

question

Boys outnumber girls at the ________ levels of verbal fluency and at the ________ levels of mathematical problem-solving ability.

answer

low; high

question

A biological influence on homosexuality is most clearly seen from evidence of ____

answer

sexual relations between same-sex partners in several hundred different animal species.

question

Many sexually active American adolescents fail to avoid pregnancy because ____

answer

they have mistaken ideas about effective birth control methods.

question

If given a chance to express their own opinions during a decision-making process, people will respond more positively to the decision. This illustrates ____

answer

voice effect

question

It is characteristic of bears to hibernate. This behavior is an example of ____

answer

an instinct.

question

With respect to sex research and human values, the text suggests that ____

answer

sex research and education should be accompanied by open consideration of sexual values.

question

The great person theory of leadership suggested that all great leaders ____

answer

share certain traits.

question

Motivating workers to identify with and commit themselves to a group mission best illustrates ____

answer

transformational leadership.

question

In a study of 3500 British bank and university staff, men were ________ likely to be overweight than were women, and men were ________ likely to perceive themselves as overweight than were women.

answer

more; less

question

Flow is characterized by a ________ awareness of self and a ________ awareness of the passing of time

answer

diminished; diminished

question

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and ____

answer

drive reduction.

question

Which of the following is Not one of the Stages of Change ____

answer

Method

question

When her son fails to arrive home as expected, Elena fears he has been in an accident. Both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. Her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her ________ nervous system.

answer

central

question

Chiana and her husband both want to feel and express greater warmth and affection for each other. They would be advised to spend time looking intently at one another's ____

answer

eyes.

question

An understanding of how stress affects our resistance to disease is the central focus of the field of ____

answer

psychoneuroimmunology.

question

Compared with those who are unhappy, happy people make decisions ________ easily and cooperate with others ________ easily

answer

more; more

question

In terms of ability to recognize others' facial expressions of emotion ____

answer

introverts do better than extraverts and women do better than men.

question

Unlike the low-road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the ____

answer

cortex.

question

Which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections?

answer

Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes.

question

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the ____

answer

amygdala.

question

After experiencing the stress of losing her job, Colleen suffered an increased incidence of cold and flu infections. Her increased illness is best attributed to reduced levels of ____

answer

lymphocytes.

question

After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run, Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. Martin's experience can best be explained by the ____

answer

two-factor theory.

question

Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an emotional disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose?

answer

MMPI

question

Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's ____

answer

superego.

question

A characteristic pattern of behavior or tendency to act and feel in a certain way is called a ____

answer

trait

question

Freud referred to the largely conscious "executive" part of the personality as the ____

answer

ego.

question

Resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies led research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on efforts to complete a tedious task. This illustrated that self-control weakens following ____

answer

an exertion of energy.

question

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her ____

answer

personality.

question

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by ____

answer

Carl Jung.

question

If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to _____the extent to which others notice our nervousness and we are likely to _____the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle.

answer

overestimate; overestimate

question

Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basic ____

answer

personality traits.

question

Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?

answer

Carl Rogers

question

Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

answer

neuroscience

question

Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between ____

answer

thought processes and brain functions.

question

Different accounts of the same behavior that together give us a more complete understanding represent different ____

answer

levels of analysis.

question

Innate ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ______

answer

nature; nurture

question

Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to ________.

answer

functionalism

question

Dr. Caleigh conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a _________ psychologist.

answer

cognitive

question

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a ____

answer

psychiatrist.

question

Behaviorists dismissed the value of ____

answer

ntrospection.

question

Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate the average of your school grades?

answer

mean

question

A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n) ____

answer

operational definition.

question

Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?

answer

the experiment

question

Mike Crampton's stockbroker has informed him that he has suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike tells his wife, she angrily responds, "I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!" Her comment best illustrates ____

answer

hindsight bias.

question

As the size of a representative sample increases, the ________ of that sample is most likely to decrease.

answer

standard deviation

question

During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was ____

answer

9.

question

If participants in the experiment group of a drug treatment study are much younger than participants in the control group, the age of the research participants is a ____

answer

standard deviation.

question

If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from the upper left to the lower right, this would suggest that the two variables depicted are ____

answer

negatively correlated.

question

The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to ____

answer

recognize the errors in our own ideas.

question

Some neurons enable you to grasp objects by relaying outgoing messages to the muscles in your arms and hands. These neurons are called ____

answer

motor neurons.

question

The part of the brainstem that helps to coordinate movements is called the ____

answer

pons.

question

A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n) ____

answer

reflex.

question

The amygdala consists of emotion-linked neural clusters in the ____

answer

limbic system.

question

The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in ____

answer

children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed.

question

Addictive disorders may stem from malfunctioning reward centers in the ____

answer

.limbic system.

question

James Olds and Peter Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the ____

answer

hypothalamus.

question

Using a brain-computer interface, some paralyzed people may be able to move a robotic limb simply by thinking about moving it. This best illustrates ____

answer

cognitive neural prosthetics.

question

With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which ____

answer

positively charged ions are pumped back outside a neural membrane.

question

Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?

answer

sensory cortex

question

Conscious information processing is LEAST likely to be required for the automatic physical survival functions regulated by the ____

answer

brainstem.

question

Female children are more likely to be labeled ìtomboysî if they were exposed to excess ________ during their prenatal development.

answer

testosterone

question

People living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing ____

answer

family loyalty.

question

Lacking any exposure to language before adolescence, a person will never master any language due to the ________ of unemployed neural connections.

answer

pruning

question

Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is more time-consuming for women than for men. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior.

answer

evolutionary

question

Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are ________ similar in neuroticism and ________ similar in risk of divorcing

answer

less; less

question

Identifying specific DNA sequences associated with the traits of anger and anxiety best illustrates a potential benefit of ____

answer

molecular behavior genetics.

question

remature infants who are regularly touched and massaged are more likely than their unstimulated counterparts to show signs of ____

answer

rapid weight gain.

question

People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates ____

answer

the interaction of nature and nurture

question

Chromosomes are contained within ____

answer

brain cells.sperm cells.blood cells.all of these types of cells.

question

When asked to recall the one or two most important events over the last half century, older adults tend to name events that occurred when they were between ________ years of age.

answer

10 and 30

question

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to ____

answer

deal with the discipline of toilet training, see things from the point of view of another person, recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape, and retain earlier schemas when confronted by new experiences.

question

Juanita suffers from a painful back condition. Smoking marijuana would reduce her pain, but she thinks it would be wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Juanita is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ level of morality.

answer

conventional

question

Four months after having been exposed to a vibrating, honking device placed on its mother's abdomen, a fetus demonstrate ____

answer

habituation.

question

In considering day-care opportunities for their four children, Mr. and Mrs. Taylor should be most concerned about whether the experience will influence ____

answer

secure attachment in their 6-month-old daughter, Julia.

question

Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and ________ changes throughout the human life span.

answer

social

question

An ongoing study of 1100 children in 10 American cities has found that those who had spent the most time in day-care facilities had ____

answer

slightly advanced thinking and language skills and an increased rate of aggressiveness.

question

Most 20-year-olds outperform most 70-year-olds on video games due to age-related differences in ____

answer

information-processing speed.

question

Persistent exclusion from peer social relationships is most likely to increase teens' risk for ____

answer

depression.

question

One study of 4 1/2- to 6-year-old children in 10 American cities found that the children's rate of aggressiveness was influenced more by ________ than by the amount of time they spent in day-care programs.

answer

- children's temperaments - parents' care giving sensitivity - family's economic and educational levels

question

Aging cells may die without being replaced due to the shortening of ____

answer

telomeres.

question

Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called ____

answer

discrimination.

question

When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should ____

answer

continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums.

question

A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of ____

answer

discrimination.

question

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves ____

answer

extrinsic motivation.

question

Asking women for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

answer

variable-ratio

question

Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to ____

answer

preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.

question

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

answer

variable-interval

question

Sandy finds it harder to frown when watching her brother smile than when seeing him frown. Scientists are currently debating whether this can be attributed to the activation of ____

answer

mirror neurons.

question

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.

answer

conditioned

question

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called ____

answer

spontaneous recovery.

question

According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by ____

answer

external influences.

question

Operant response rates tend to be _____when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule. Operant response rates tend to be _____consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

answer

higher; more

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