Flashcards To Learn Chemistry Final Exam
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| gas |
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| collection of molecules which move about freely |
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| ideal gas model |
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| model of matter in which the molecules are treated as non-interacting point particles which are engaged in a random motion that obeys conservation of energy. |
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| standard temperature and pressure |
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| 22.4 liters of most gases at standard temperature and pressure will contain very nearly 6.022 ? 10^23 molecules (one mole). |
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| gas laws |
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| empirical laws that describe the relationship between thermodynamic temperature, absolute pressure and volume of gases. |
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| Boyle's law |
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| inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system. |
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| Charle's law |
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| proportional relationship between temperature and the volume of a gas at constant pressure |
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| Dalton's law |
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| the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture. |
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| Henry’s Law |
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| At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid. |
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| Methemoglobin |
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| Normal hemoglobin can have its Fe2+ oxidized to Fe3+ by a variety of drugs and chemicals including nitrites, sulfonamides, acetanilide |
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| methemoglobin reductase |
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| responsible for converting methemoglobin back to hemoglobin A |
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| Normal percentage of methemoglobin |
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| 1-2% |
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| O2 Capacity |
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| The maximum amount of O2 which can be combined with hemoglobin |
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| Oxygen saturation |
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| measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen |
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| O2 Saturation of Hemoglobin equation |
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| (O2 combined with Hb/O2 capacity) x 100 |
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| The oxygen dissociation curve |
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| plots the proportion of hemoglobin in its saturated form on the vertical axis against the prevailing oxygen tension on the horizontal axis. |
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| Bohr Effect |
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| Changes associated with pCO2 |
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| Haldane effect |
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| Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide |
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| Right shift |
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| increase in temperature, 2,3-DPG, pCO2, and decrease in pCO, pH |
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| Left Shift |
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| increase in pCO, and pH decrease in temperature, 2,3-DPG, and pCO2 |
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| P50 |
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| The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)at which the hemoglobin is 50% saturated, typically about 27 mmHg for a healthy person |
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| increased P50 |
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| rightward shift of the standard curve |
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| decreased p50 |
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| Left shift |
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| What is responsible for elimination of CO2 |
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| alveolar ventilation |
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| In acid-base balance, the kidney is responsible for 2 major activities |
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| Reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate: Excretion of the fixed acids |
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| Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation |
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| pH =pKa + log (A-/HA) |
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| Acidosis |
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| an abnormal process or condition which would lower arterial pH if there were no secondary change in response to the primary etiological factor |
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| Alkalosis |
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| an abnormal process or condition which would raise arterial pH if there were no secondary changes in response to the primary etiological factor |
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| Simple (Acid-Base) disorders |
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| are those in which there is a single primary etiological acid-base disorder |
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| Mixed (Acid-Base) disorders |
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| are those in which two or more primary etiological disorders are present simultaneously |
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| Acidemia |
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| arterial pH < 7.36 |
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| Alkalaemia |
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| arterial pH > 7.44 |
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| Metabolic Acidosis etiology |
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| uncontrolled diabetes (accumulation of ketoacids), lactic acid accumulation (exercise, poor perfusion, systemic infections), renal tubular acidosis (kidnets can't execute H+/Na+ exchange), liver disease (impaired urea/ammonia formation), salicylate intoxication (hyperventiliation, loss of bicarbonate), poisonings (converted to acid), or ingestion of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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| Metabolic Acidosis Compensation methods |
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| retention of HCO3, hyperventilation, or kidnye excretes organic acids and exchanges H+ for Na+, more acid urine |
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| Metabolic Acidosis Laboratory findings |
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| Decreased pH Decreased HCO3 Initial pCO2 normal but will become decreased as compensating mechanisms are invoked Negative base excess In lactic acidosis there may be ^anion gap, ^K+, ^lactate, Poisoning, i.e., drugs, methanol etc. there may be ^anion gap |
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| Respiratory Acidosis |
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| Based deficit disorder resulting from a decreased HCO3/H2CO3 ratio resulting from an increase in carbonic acid |
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| Respiratory Acidosis etiology |
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| disorders that interfere with the ability of the lungs to expel CO2: COPD, depression of the respiratory centers (drugs), respiratory distress syndrome (premies or adults in shock) |
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| Respiratory Acidosis Compensation methods |
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| hyperventilation to eliminate CO2, retain Na+ and HCO3 with increased acid excretion |
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| Respiratory Acidosis Laboratory findings |
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| Decreased pH Increased pCO2 Initially a normal HCO3 which becomes increased as compensatory mechanisms are employed Normal base excess Coexisting metabolic lactic acidosis may exist due to tissue hypoxia |
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| Metabolic Alkalosis |
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| base excess, high pH, increase in bicarb with no change in carbonic acid |
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| Metabolic Alkalosis Etiology |
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| increased concentration of HCO3: Excessive intake of NaHCO3 (gastric disease, tums), loss of chloride (vomiting) |
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| Respiratory Alkalosis |
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| Disorder associated with a decrease in carbonic acid concentration usually resulting from over stimulation of the respiratory system. |
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| Respiratory Alkalosis Etiology |
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| hyperventilation, salicylate intoxification, impairment of CNS, aggressive mechanical ventilation |
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| Respiratory Alkalosis Compensation methods |
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| increased excretion of bicarbonate, slow respiration |
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| Respiratory Alkalosis laboratory findings |
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| Increased HCO3/H2CO3 ratio Increased pH Initially a decreased pCO2 but may increase as compensation is initiated Initially normal with decreased concentrations as renal compensation is initiated Decreased base excess Alkaline urine with titratable HCO3 |
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| 6 steps of systemic acid-base evaluation |
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| (1) pH (2) pattern (3) clues (4) compensation (5) formulation (6) confirmation |
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| pH in evaluation of acid-base disorder |
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| arterial pH, acidaemia = acidosis, alkalaemia = alkalosis, normal = no disorder or compensation |
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| pattern in evaluation of acid-base disorder |
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| suggestive pattern in pCO2 and [HCO3, if both are low = metabolic acidosis or respiratory alkalosis, if both are high = metabolic alkalosis or respiratory acidosis, if they are opposite = mixed disorder |
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| clues in evaluation of acid-base disorder |
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| high anion gap = metabolic acidosis, hyperglycaemia = diabetic ketoacidosis, hypokalaemia/chloraemia = metabolic alkalosis |
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| compensation in evaluation of acid-base disorder |
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| if expectal and actual match = not mixed if they don't match = mixed |
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| formulation in evaluation of acid-base disorder |
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| consider everything together |
