Final Ch4 Neurochemistry – Flashcards
113 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 113question
quaternary amines
answer
(acetylcholine)
Unlock the answer
question
mono amines
answer
*catecholemines* (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine) *indoleamines* (serotonin, melatonin)
Unlock the answer
question
Amino acids
answer
(GABA, glutamate)
Unlock the answer
question
Peptide neurotransmitters
answer
(opioids)
Unlock the answer
question
Neurotransmitters affect targets by acting on
answer
receptors
Unlock the answer
question
receptors
answer
protein molecules in the postsynaptic membrane.
Unlock the answer
question
Ionotropic receptors
answer
are fast-open an ion channel when the transmitter molecule binds
Unlock the answer
question
Metabotropic receptors
answer
are slow-when activated they alter chemical reactions in the cell, such as a G protein system, to open an ion channel.
Unlock the answer
question
ligand
answer
is a substance that binds to a receptor
Unlock the answer
question
A ligand has one of three effects:
answer
agonist antagonist inverse agonist
Unlock the answer
question
agonist
answer
initiates the normal effects of the receptor.
Unlock the answer
question
antagonist
answer
blocks the receptor from being activated by other ligands.
Unlock the answer
question
inverse agonist
answer
initiates an effect that is the opposite of the normal function.
Unlock the answer
question
Endogenous
answer
from inside
Unlock the answer
question
Exogenous
answer
from outside
Unlock the answer
question
4 biogenic amine production sites
answer
Ralphe Nuclie - seratonin Basal Ganglia - dopamine Basal Forebrain - acetocholine Locus Corealeus - epinephrine
Unlock the answer
question
Acetylcholine
answer
-plays a role in cognition, muscle contractions and the parasympathetic response -Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors -Produced in midbrain and basal forebrain
Unlock the answer
question
Dopamine (DA)
answer
-This pathway is important in motor control and pleasure. -This pathway is implemented in to schizophrenia and movement disorders -is found in neurons in: midbrain and basal ganglia
Unlock the answer
question
Norepinephrine (NE)
answer
-NE is also known as noradrenaline-cells producing it are noradrenergic. Sympathetic response -is released in the Locus coeruleus (pons) and midbrain
Unlock the answer
question
The CNS has four subtypes of NE receptors-which are all...
answer
metabatropic
Unlock the answer
question
Serotonin (5HT)
answer
- is implicated in sleep, mood, sexual behavior, and anxiety. -Antidepressants such as Prozac increase 5HT activity, with effects depending on which receptor subtype is affected. -cell bodies are mainly found in the raphe nuclei and its serotonergic fibers project widely.
Unlock the answer
question
Amino acid transmitters:
answer
Glutamate GABA
Unlock the answer
question
Glutamate
answer
is the major excitatory neurotranmitter of the CNS
Unlock the answer
question
GABA
answer
is the major inhibitory neurotranmitter of the CNS
Unlock the answer
question
Excitotoxicity
answer
neural injury such as stroke may cause excess release of glutamate, which is toxic to neurons
Unlock the answer
question
Endorphins
answer
-are endogenous opioid peptides -They are produced in the pituitary and hypothalamus during exercise, pain, spicy food consumption and sex
Unlock the answer
question
binding affinity
answer
is the degree of chemical attraction between a ligand and a receptor.
Unlock the answer
question
efficacy (or intrinsic activity)
answer
is the ability of a bound ligand to activate the receptor.
Unlock the answer
question
Agonists
answer
high efficacy
Unlock the answer
question
Antagonists
answer
have low efficacy
Unlock the answer
question
Partial agonists or antagonists
answer
produce a medium response regardless of dose.
Unlock the answer
question
Competitive ligands
answer
are drugs that bind to the same receptor site as the neurotransmitter.
Unlock the answer
question
noncompetitive ligand
answer
binds instead to a modulatory site on the receptor. -The modulatory site, when bound by a compound, alters the receptor's response.
Unlock the answer
question
What is a dose-response curve (DRC) ?
answer
is a graph of the relationship between drug doses and the effects. -The DRC is a tool to understand pharmacodynamics-the functional relationship between drugs and their targets.
Unlock the answer
question
Drug tolerance can develop after
answer
successive treatments have decreasing effects
Unlock the answer
question
Metabolic tolerance organ systems become...
answer
more effective at eliminating the drug (e.g. alcohol)
Unlock the answer
question
Functional tolerance
answer
target tissue may show altered sensitivity to the drug (ecstacy)
Unlock the answer
question
Changes in numbers of receptors can alter sensitivity in the direction ...
answer
opposite to the drug's effects:
Unlock the answer
question
Neurons down-regulate in response to an agonist drug meaning...
answer
fewer receptors available
Unlock the answer
question
Neurons up-regulate in response to
answer
an antagonist.
Unlock the answer
question
Cross-tolerance
answer
is tolerance to a whole class of chemically similar drugs.
Unlock the answer
question
Withdrawal symptoms
answer
may be caused by drug tolerance.
Unlock the answer
question
Sensitization
answer
occurs when drug effects become stronger with repeated treatment.
Unlock the answer
question
bioavailable
answer
free to act on the target-varies with route of ingestion. -Duration of a drug's effect is determined by how it is metabolized.
Unlock the answer
question
Biotransformation produces active metabolites
answer
that may produce side effects.
Unlock the answer
question
Neuromodulators
answer
affect either transmitter release or receptor response.
Unlock the answer
question
Caffeine is an...
answer
exogenous neuromodulator that blocks the effect of adenosine, an endogenous neuromodulator that normally inhibits catecholamine release.
Unlock the answer
question
transporters
answer
specialized proteins that return the transmitter to the presynaptic membrane.
Unlock the answer
question
Some drugs affect how long transmitters remain in the synapse, they interfere with...
answer
transporters
Unlock the answer
question
When drugs affect the breakdown of neurotransmitters they are affecting the
answer
degradation of the drug
Unlock the answer
question
Cholinesterase inhibitors inhibit the breakdown of what drug
answer
ACh (acetycholine)
Unlock the answer
question
Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs
answer
a class of drugs to treat schizophrenia
Unlock the answer
question
Typical neuroleptics
answer
are selective dopamine D2 antagonists.
Unlock the answer
question
Atypical neuroleptics
answer
block serotonin receptors and may reduce negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Unlock the answer
question
Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs, Typical neuroleptics, and Atypical neuroleptics all seem to do what to patients
answer
-reduce motor activity, which helps alleviate major agitation in some patients -They can also give rise to tardive dyskinesia (reversible)
Unlock the answer
question
Too much dopamine is associated with
answer
psychosis
Unlock the answer
question
Too little dopamine is associated with
answer
movement disorders
Unlock the answer
question
Antidepressants
answer
treat depression.
Unlock the answer
question
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
answer
inhibitors prevent the breakdown of monoamines at the synapses.
Unlock the answer
question
Tricyclic antidepressants
answer
increase norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapses by blocking their reuptake into presynaptic axon terminals.
Unlock the answer
question
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
answer
- allow serotonin to accumulate in the synapses, with fewer side effects than tricyclics. -like Prozac or Zoloft
Unlock the answer
question
Anxiolytics, or tranquilizers
answer
reduce nervous system activity.
Unlock the answer
question
Benzodiazepine agonists act on what?
answer
also known as minor tranquilizers, and act on GABAA receptors
Unlock the answer
question
GABA receptors have several binding sites, that enhance or inhibit what??
answer
GABA's effects
Unlock the answer
question
Benzodiazepines bind at an
answer
orphan receptor-no known endogenous ligand
Unlock the answer
question
Allopregnanolone
answer
a steroid, is elevated during stress and is calming
Unlock the answer
question
Alcohol's effects are biphasic which means...
answer
an initial stimulant phase followed by a depressant phase
Unlock the answer
question
Alcohol activates GABAA receptors which increase
answer
social disinhibition, lethergy and loss of motor coordination for 4 hours
Unlock the answer
question
Alcohol also stimulates dopamine pathways, causing ...
answer
euphoric effects which last for six hours
Unlock the answer
question
Alcohol abuse damages nerve cells, especially in the ...
answer
frontal lobe, yet some damage is reversible.
Unlock the answer
question
analgesic
answer
pain killer
Unlock the answer
question
Opium contains
answer
morphine, an effective analgesic, or painkiller
Unlock the answer
question
Morphine and heroin are ...
answer
related
Unlock the answer
question
morphine and heroin bind to what kind of receptors?
answer
opiates bind to opioid receptors in the brain, especially in the locus coeruleus and the periaqueductal gray.
Unlock the answer
question
Endogenous opiates
answer
peptides produced in the body that bind to opioid receptors and relieve pain-are also addictive.
Unlock the answer
question
The brain contains orphan cannabinoid receptors to mediate the effects of
answer
THC and other compounds
Unlock the answer
question
Endocannabinoids
answer
homologs of marijuana produced in the brain-act as retrograde messengers and may influence neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron.
Unlock the answer
question
Anandamide
answer
-an endocannabinoid Altered memory formation
Unlock the answer
question
Anadamide affects include
answer
-Altered memory formation -Appetite stimulation -Reduced pain sensitivity -Protection from excitotoxic brain damage
Unlock the answer
question
Nicotine from tobacco
answer
-Increases heart rate, blood pressure, hydrochloric acid secretion, and bowel activity -Acts as an agonist on nicotinic ACh receptors in the ventral tegmental area
Unlock the answer
question
Cocaine, the purified extract, can be used as a
answer
anesthetic
Unlock the answer
question
cocaine increases
answer
catecholamine stimulation and is highly addictive
Unlock the answer
question
Dual dependence
answer
is addiction to the effects of the interaction of two drugs.
Unlock the answer
question
Cocaine blocks which transporters
answer
monoamine transporters-especially dopamine-slows reuptake of neurotransmitters, enhancing their effects.
Unlock the answer
question
Amphetamine and methamphetamine are what kind of stimulants...
answer
synthetic stimulants that resemble catecholamines in structure. -They cause the release of neurotransmitters even in the absence of action potentials
Unlock the answer
question
Short-term effects of amphetamines include...
answer
alertness, euphoria, and stamina.
Unlock the answer
question
Long-term use leads of amphetamines include...
answer
sleeplessness weight loss, and schizophrenic symptoms
Unlock the answer
question
Hallucinogens
answer
sensory perception and produce peculiar experiences.
Unlock the answer
question
Phencyclidine (PCP) ) or angel dust,
answer
produces feelings of depersonalization and detachment from reality -Its many side effects include combativeness and catatonia. -PCP has been proposed as a chemical model for schizophrenia.
Unlock the answer
question
LSD
answer
(acid), mescaline (peyote), and psilocybin (magic mushrooms) have mainly visual effects.
Unlock the answer
question
what kind of receptor is pcp
answer
NMDA receptor antagonist and stimulates DA release
Unlock the answer
question
Ketamine (Special K)
answer
is a less potent NMDA antagonist that works in the prefrontal cortex.
Unlock the answer
question
Ketamine Like PCP
answer
can produce transient psychotic symptoms, at high doses
Unlock the answer
question
MDMA (Ecstasy) is a
answer
hallucinogenic amphetamine derivative-its major actions are increases in serotonin levels and changes in dopamine and prolactin levels. -Chronic ecstasy use produces persistent effects and damage to serotonin-producing neurons
Unlock the answer
question
The Moral Model
answer
blames the abuser for a lack of moral character or a lack of self-control
Unlock the answer
question
The Disease Model
answer
the abuser requires medical treatment; however, an abnormal condition in abusers has not been identified
Unlock the answer
question
The Physical Dependence Model
answer
called the withdrawal avoidance model, says abusers use drugs to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Unlock the answer
question
The Positive Reward Model
answer
drug use is a behavior controlled by positive rewards, with no disease
Unlock the answer
question
Many addictive drugs cause dopamine release in the what part of the brain
answer
nucleus accumbens -Some axons that terminate here originate in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and are involved in the reward pathway. -The addictive power of drugs may come from stimulating this pathway.
Unlock the answer
question
People with damage to the insula pathway, a brain region within the frontal cortex.
answer
area have been able to stop smoking effortlessly.
Unlock the answer
question
Cue-induced drug use
answer
is the increased likelihood of using a drug because factors are present that were also present when the drug was last used.
Unlock the answer
question
Factors in susceptibility to addiction
answer
-biological-sex, genetic predisposition -Family situation-family breakup, poor relationships, sibling drug users -Personal characteristics-aggressiveness, emotional control -Environmental factors-peer pressure, social factors
Unlock the answer
question
Medications to treat drug abuse Drugs for detoxification:
answer
benzodiazepines and drugs to help ease withdrawal symptoms
Unlock the answer
question
Antagonists to the addictive drug
answer
block effects of the abused drug but may produce withdrawal symptoms
Unlock the answer
question
Agonists or analogs of the addictive drug
answer
-partially activate the same pathways, such as methadone or nicotine patches
Unlock the answer
question
Reward-blocking medications
answer
block positive reward effects of the abused drug but may produce a lack of all pleasurable feelings
Unlock the answer
question
Medications that alter drug metabolism-
answer
like *Antabuse*, which makes drinking produce unpleasant side effects
Unlock the answer
question
Anticraving medications
answer
reduce the appetite for the abused substance
Unlock the answer
question
immunization
answer
prompts the immune system to remove targeted drugs
Unlock the answer
