Answers on Final – Microbiology Flashcards
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What time of disease is the most common infectious disease globally? |
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A. HIV B. Tb. C. Respiratory Infections D.Diarrheal Disease E.Parasitic disease |
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| Which of the following are pleaces where mmicrobiologists can be found? |
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A. Industry B. Governement C. Universities D. 2nd Floor Wettaw building. C. All Above. |
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| Greather than 30% of all organisms we known about are pathogenic to humans? |
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| Flase |
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| What type of organism was the first vaccine against? |
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| Virus |
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| Prokaryotes havemembrane bound organelles? |
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| False |
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| What is more likelyto have structures compred of NAM and NAG? |
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| Staphylococcus Aureus |
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| A major locomotive structure in bacteria is? |
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| Flagella |
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| What is present in both gram positive and gram negative bacteria? |
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| peptidoglycan |
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| What strain is used to distinguished between cell walls of medically important pathogens? |
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| Gram Stain |
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| What is the common aspect of bacterial and human cells? |
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| Cell membrane |
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| In the presence of glucose and lactose, the repressor protein is____ to the lactose operaon, and the operon is considered____. |
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| bound, prepressed |
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| If F+ cells are induced into a flask contaning F- cells what will happen over time? |
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| All cells would become F+ |
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| What gene is most commonly incorporated into plasmids to select for recombinant? |
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| antibiotic resistance gene |
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| Which DNA gragmentwill be closes to the top of the electrophonesis gel? |
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| The larger #. |
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| A common clononig host and state whether it is prokayotic or eukaryotic. |
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E. coli
S. cerevisiae |
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| Virulence factors include? |
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| Toxins,Enzymes,Capsules |
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| A postivie antiboy test for HIV would be ____ of infection? |
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| sign. |
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| A___ is a passive carrier of pathogens from point A to point B? |
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| Mechanical factor |
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| The specific actionofleukocidin is to? |
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| Damage white blood cells |
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| The ____(period/phase) is the time that lapses between encounter with a pathogen until the first vague symptoms appear? |
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| Incubation |
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| Who is credited with the discovery of phagocytes? |
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| Ellie Metchnikoff |
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| What was the original theory about how life arose called? |
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| Spontaneous Generation |
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| How do you write microbial names? |
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| First name Capitolized, second lower case and both underlined |
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| The germ theory of disease states? |
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| microorganisms can invade macroorganisms to cause diease |
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| Who built the first compound microscope? |
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| Robert Hooke |
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| The main types of fungi are? |
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| yeast, hyphal |
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| What characterizations of fungal infection would clinicallybe the worst case senario? |
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| systemic |
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| what is the most infectious form of the malarial protozoa? |
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| sporozoite |
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| What are two things all viruses must have? |
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| protein and nucleic acid |
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| List two of the six steps in viral replication |
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Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Synthesis, Assembly, Release |
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| What term refers to complete killing of all organisms on a surface? |
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| sterilization |
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| What are related to the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent? |
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| Number of organisms, Temp, pH, target population |
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| what are examples of physical control of microbial populations? |
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| Heat, Filtration, Radiation |
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| What has the highest inherent resistance to physical and chemical antimicrobial factos? |
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| Bacterial spores |
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| What type of radiation ( ionizing or non-ionizing) can effectively kill microbes? |
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| ionizing |
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| What cell are componets of the innate immune system? |
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| skin, mucous, lysozyme, eosinophilis |
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| What blood cells function primarily as a phagocyte? |
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| neutrophil |
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| What are componets of the adaptive immune system? |
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| The cell, Antibody,B cell |
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| what is a componet of the innate immune system? |
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| Neutrophils. |
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| What are the classes of aintibodies? |
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| IgG, IgD,IgE, IgA |
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| Without the use of modern BSL3 level security and protection, the following person indentified and characerized the causative agent of TB. |
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| Robert Koch |
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| The "H" and "N" are commonly used to describe strains of influenza. |
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| hemmagglutinin, Neuraminidase |
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| What are (re)emerging pathogens that are currently in Arizona? |
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| Hanta Virus, West Nile |
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| A selective media contains agents that___ growth on a certain organisms where as differential medica contains agents that___ microbial growth resulting in phenotypic changes. |
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| Inhibit, Promote |
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| Resolution is ___with a longer wavelength of light. |
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| Worse |
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| What do viruses have in their genomesif they can cause caner? |
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| vONC's |
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| Which of the following enzymes unzips the double stranded DNA? |
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| Helicase |
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| What type of transduction is not a random process? |
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| specialized |
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| List the;2 types of genetic transfer mechanisms that baceria use |
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Conjugation and Transformation |
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| Isthe lactose operon on or off in the presence of lactose glucose? |
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| off |
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| What are beta-lactam antibiotics? |
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| Penicillin V, Oxacillin, Cephalosporin, Ampicillin |
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| The mode of action of the penicillin family antibiotics is? |
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Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis ; |
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| Beta- lactam antibiotic is defines by its? |
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| Beta- lactam ring |
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Which of the following are common modes of action of antimicrobial agents? ; |
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Inhibit cell wall synthesis Inhibit protein synthesis; ;Disrupt membrane function |
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List an antimicrobial that was discussed in class that either inhibits protein or nucleic acid synthesis ; |
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Gent, Tet, Chloram, Erythro, Cipro, Chloroquin, Rifampin, Streptomycin |
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| Which of the following is not an adhesion mechanism that bacteria use to attach to a host? |
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| Fimbriae attach to the epithelium of the host. Glycocalyx anchors the microbe to the host. Slime layer glues the microbes to the host surface. Evelope spikes and puncture the cells for entry and relication. |
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| Nospecific human host derived defenses include chemical substancessuchas? |
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| Antibodies and lysozyme |
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| Antigen presenting cells |
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| present antigens in association with MHCII |
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| What is not a chaceristic of IgG? |
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| Contains a central J chain. |
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| Effects of bacterial exposure may lead to disease in a host. What is the proper sequence? |
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| Contact. Infection. Disease |
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| Heat, pain, redness and swelling are symptons of? |
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| Inflammation |
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| Gas gangrene, with gas production leading to tissue nerosis is due to? |
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| Clostridium perfringes. |
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| A virulence factor is? |
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| A protein that enhances attachment. An exotoxin secreted from S. penumoniae. LPS on; the surface of E. coli. |
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| MHC molecules can be produced by each of the following cells, except? |
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| T cells, B cells, endothelial cells |
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| If pthogen A is more resistant to vancomycin on a Kirby- Bauer plate compared to a pathogen B, then pathogen A will have a(n)___ zone of inhibition compared to pathogen B. |
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| smaller |
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| NAG and NAM would be important tragerts for? |
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| cephalosporins, penicillins |
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| The final,extended period of disease where damged tissue is reparied is the?; |
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| convalescent stage |
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| Antimicrobial drugs can be divided into categories based on the metabolic target they affect. What is a target? |
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| Inhibition of folic acid synthesis. |
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| The___ cell, a number of the adaptive immune system acts directly as killers and has ____ on its surface that differeentiated it from all the other cells. |
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| Tc, CD8 |
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| When cases of disease are concentrated into one area at a relatively stable rate. then the disease is classified as? |
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| Endemic |
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| A protein that helps protects against viruses is___ and is an example of a ___ |
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| interferon, cytokine |
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| Where are complement proteins found? |
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| serum |
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| What are granulocytes? |
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| often have a polymorphic nuclear arrangement, include a neutrophils |
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| A clinical microbiologist makes serial diliutions of several antibiotics in broth and incuabtes these diulutions with a pathogen, what test is this clinician seting up? |
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| MIC |
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| The mechanism of action of sulfonamides is ___ where as the mechanism ofactions of penicillin is___ |
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| action as an anti-metabolite, inhibition of cell wall synthesis. |
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| Which is a false statement? |
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| Leukocidins destory WBC, Hemolysins lyse red bloods cells,Hyaluronidase breaks down the sutstances betweencells, Staphylokinase destorys blood clots. |
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| A fomite isa/an____ that transmits disease- causing microbes |
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| inanimate object |
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| specific (adaptive) immune responses require pathogens to be destroyed by____ and their respective antigens to be presented in association with____ in order to induce a T or B cell response? |
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| Phagocytosis, MCHII |
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| Vesicular rashes are commonly associated with___ where as maculopopular rashes are commonly associated with___ |
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| chiceknpox, measles. |
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| River blindness is caused by? |
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| a helminth |
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| Ampicillin, methicillin,amoxicillinand penicillin G all have? |
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| A beta-lactum ring |
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| What is not an eye disease? |
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| loaisis |
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| which process involves antibodies covvvering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule there by disrupting their activity? |
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| opsonization |
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| _____ are the result of B cell activation and actively secrete specific antibody. They are large, specialized, and the most numerous of B cell pathogeny |
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| Th cells |
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| what is not a function of antibodies. |
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| complement fixation |
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| This physiological condition is caused by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens? |
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| fever |
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| Staphylococcus aureus causes what diseases? |
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| Sealeded skin syndrome,impetigo, carbuncle,furuncle |
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| Hematopoietic stem cells are what? |
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| are the precursor of new bloodcells, maintained in the bone marrow, proliferate and differentiate into red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets, result in the production of alceolar macrophages |
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| wars are caused by? |
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| papillomaviruses |
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| which antibody below activates complement is? |
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| IgM |
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| what are examples of innate immune responses? |
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| NK cells, neutrophils, C9 |
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| What are T cells? |
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| Are vital to the production of an immune response |
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| The correct term____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specifif immune response |
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| immunogen |
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| Ribosomes are found free within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells aswell as bound to rough endoplasmic reticullum. They are sites of? |
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| preotein synthesis |
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| What part of the lifecycle of the malarial pathogenis associated with repeated chills and fevers? |
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| merozoites exiting red blood cells. |
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| The 3 phenotypes that can be generatedafter conjugation are? |
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| F+, F',HFR |
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| The Balitimore Classification of viruses is based upon? |
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| mRNA |
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| What eukaryotic traits is theorized to have developed by the endosymbiotic theroy? |
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| mitochondria |
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| When a restiction enzyme makes a staggered cut across a double strand of DNA, this cut produces what is known as a? |
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| Sticky end |
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| The polymerase chain reaction is an example of? |
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| DNA amplification |
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| Most animal viruses acquire enveopes around their nucleocapsids during |
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| relase |
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| What is a type of a cloning vector used to transfer recombinant DNA into a cloning host? |
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| plasmid, baceriophage |
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| Double stranded DNAcan be clipped at selected positions by enzymes called___ and the DNA can be put back together by___ |
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| Restriction endonucleases, ligase |
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| Complete killingof allmicroorganisms in a population describes? |
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| sterilization |
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| An agent that permanently denaturesproteins wouldbe categorized as? |
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| bactericidal |
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| what helminth has an obligate aquatic snail host? |
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| fluke |
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| The two strands that compse the DNA double helix can be separated by___ and come back together by a process called? |
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| heating, hybridization |
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| Which of the following transfer chromosomal information? |
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| conjugation, transformation, transduction |
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| prion diseases are caused by? |
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| proteins |
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| what enzymes wouldbe vital for dark repair to work? |
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| exonuclease,endonuclease,ligase |
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| If a bacterial DNA strand has a nitrogenous base sequenceGCCATTGC, what is the complimentary mRNA sequence |
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| CGGUUAACG |
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| The central core of a virus particle can consist of? |
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| DNA, RNA |
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| What term describles the genus of protozoa that cause malaria? |
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| plasmodium |
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| what happens during the latent period of bacteriopage replication? |
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| protein synthesis and DNA synthesis |
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| in generla, RNA animal viruses multiply/replicate in the____ where as DNA animal viruse multiply/ replicate in the ____ |
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| cytoplams. nucleus |
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| What diseases are caused by protozoa? |
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| nakaruam toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, chaga's |
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| what are common characteristics inviruses that cause cancer? |
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| they are dsDNA virusses. |
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| Viruses can't be cultivated in/ on? |
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| blood agar? |
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| what is the main difference between viruses is/are? |
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| their composition of nucleic acid |
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| Spikes on the surfaces of viruses are essential for? |
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| attachment of viruses to the host cell. |
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| Living cells are requiredfor culturing viruses because |
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| viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, require host cell genetic machinery to replicate. |
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| In the presenceof glucose, the repressor protein is__ to the DNA andthe operon is considered___ |
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| bound, repressed. |
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| The development of virulent, toxin-producing bacterial strains due to the presence of a temperate phage can occur in? |
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| specialized transduction |
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| what is the correct term for a bacterial cell that can take up naked DNA and incorporate into the chromosome? |
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| transformed |
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| in the arginine operon, when excess arginine is present, the repressor protein is ____ to the arginine operon |
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| bound |
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| What bacteria is responsible for cloning host of a complex eukaryotic protein would be? |
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| Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
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| What is the most serious ( detrimental) type of mutation |
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| frame shift mutation |
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| what is the hardest microbial form to kill or inhit? |
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| endospores |
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| what is the most common selection mechanisms in genetic engineering? |
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| antibiotic resistant plasmids. |
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| A new strand of ssRNA +retrovirus. By definition the virus will be? |
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| Make double stranded DNA and contain reverse transcriptase |
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| Labeled, short stretches of DNA used to detect a specidific sequence of nucleoties are called____ and whe utilized in situ with fluorescence result in a technique called..? |
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| probes, FISH |
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| what does ligase do? |
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| rejoin segments of DNA |
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| If compound X causes more salmonella to grow during the Ames test, that compound is? |
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| mutagenic |
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| The field of immunology studies the immune response to various factors.What is an appropriate immune response against a pathogen? |
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| fever |
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| microorganisms used to clean up oil spills in the ocean are examples of? |
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| bioremediation |
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| Who disproved spontaneous generation by placing meat into jars with various coverings with the purpose of attracting flies.? |
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| Franceso Redi |
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| The most specific level of taxonomic hierarchy is the? |
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| species |
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| Identify the major technique that refers to placement of bacteria into a medium such as broth or blood, in order to facilitate growth is what? |
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| inoculation |
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| Of the 3 categories the medica classification, which of the following reders tothe chemical composition of the medium? |
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| nonsynthetic |
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| If a microbiologist wanted to check for motility of bacteria it would choose what medium? |
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| semi-solid. |
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| An electron microscope has a higher resoultion, or ability to see small things, than a light microscope. This is because electrons..? |
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| have a smaller wavelength than a bulb light source |
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| the bending of a light ray as it passes through a medium such as a lens is known as? |
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| refraction |
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| Why are diseases more deadly now than they were 200 years ago? |
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| inscreased speedof global travel. ecological disturbances. increased numbers of vectors that spread diseases. |
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| What microscopic techniques allows you to visualize living organisms. |
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| confocal microscopy |
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| Elie Metchnikoff is best known for what contribution to the field of immunology? |
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| discovered phagocytes |
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| 3D views of living cells could best be obtained using? |
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| confocal microsope |
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| what emerginging disease is caused by a virus? |
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| Influenza |
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| What techniques in order from lowest to highest resolution? |
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| Electron, light, dark, phase contrast |
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| A conjugation pilus allows bacteria to? |
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| transfer genetic material |
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| Mycoplasmas lack a cell wall. Their cell membrane is stabilized by _____ and is resistant to lysis? |
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| sterols |
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| The stationary growth phase in a bacterial growth chart is due to all the following? |
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| a period of adjustment to growing conditions |
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| NAG and NAM are found in which of the following? |
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| Staph aureus, staph pneumoniae |
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| The person who began looking at microorganisms and deemed them " animalcules" was: |
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| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
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| The term that refers to the presnece of multiple flagella on one pole of a microorganisms is? |
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| lophotrichous |
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| what structure protects bacteria from being phagocyted? |
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| capsule |
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| Simple stains require a_____ dye where as differential stains utilize____ dye(s) |
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| single. multiple |
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| How many chromosomes are found in a typical prokaytoic bacterial cell? |
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| 1 |
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| Which of the following types of organisms would be most likely to be found in deep tissue, where there is a lack of free oxygen? |
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| obligate anaerobe |
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| If the step involving iodine were left out of a gram stain, which of the following would best describe the results? |
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| all cells would be pink |
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| Light of____ wavelength typically will result in___ resolution |
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| shorter, better |
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| What stain(s) are used to distinguish the cell wall of medically important bacteria? |
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| Gram stain |
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| What does not differentiate between live and dead bacteria cells in a culture? |
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| trbidity,direct microscopic count without dye. |
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| A human pathogen (causes disease) would best be described by the following term(s) |
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| mesophile |
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| In general,a fully assembled prokaryotic ribosome sediments at ______ where as a eukaryotic ribosome sediments at___? |
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| 70, 80 |
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| The concept that Louis Pasture proved false with his swan neck flask was called? |
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| Spontaneous gerneration |
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| Cultures ofabacterial species were incubated in the refrigerator, out on a lab benchtop, in an incubator at 37 degrees C, and in an incubator at 48 degress C. After incubation, there was abundant growth at 4 degress C, slight growth out on the benchtop and no growth at 37 degrees or 48 degrees C. What term best describes this species? |
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| Psychrophile |
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| The cell membrane. |
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| is found in both gram positive and negative bacteria |
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| who is credited with creating the first vaccine? |
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| Edward Jenner |
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| A specialized form of endocytosis where a cell ''eats" another cell of particle is called? |
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| Phagocytosis |
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| A direct peptide bond linking NAM- NAG polymers is found in____ bacteria where as a penta-glycine bridge is found in_____ bacteria? |
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| Gram negative, gam positive |
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| What is true of microorganisms? |
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| They produce antibiotics, they are used in the production of manytypes of food and beverages, they can be used toproduce humanproteins. |
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| The "H"and the "N" are commonly used to decribe stains of influenza. These letters stand for? |
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| Hemagglutinin,Neuraminidase. |
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List two specific differences between G+ and G- bacteria. |
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G+ have: Lipo/Teichoic acid Gram - have Lipopolysaccharide (just putting these would have Outer membrane Periplasmic space Pentaglycine bridge DIRECT peptide bond |
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Propose one mechanical (non-culture) and one culturing technique that would separate three bacteria mixed together in a soil sample. What conditions are required for successful isolations of pure cultures? |
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Culture – Streak plate on DIFFERENTIAL media – to see the different phenotypes – this was the most straightforward answer. A selective media may have worked but remember, you could have been selecting against one of the organisms you were trying to study/differentiate. I did give credit for talking about multiple streaking/re-plating to obtain single cultures of these three organisms. Mechanical – Petroff-Haus counter WITH Gram Stain (or capsule or flagella) – this would have probably worked and was the most straightforward answer. There were other examples such as centrifugation and filtering and as long as you explained HOW these would separate out your bacteria, you earned full credit. Conditions: Things like temp, pH, nutrients, O 2 concentration… |
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Lysozyme, which breaks down peptidoglycan, would be most effective against which stage(s) of microbial growth AND why ? |
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Lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks apart intact peptidoglycan. As such, the stage of microbial growth that lysozyme would be MOST EFFECTIVE is where the most bacteria with fully intact peptidoglycan are – the STATIONARY PHASE. Lysozyme would also be effective during the lag and death stages, but because the TARGET of the enzyme is in lower numbers in those stages, it would be less active. |
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The endosymbiont theory suggests that eukaryotic mitochondria are ancient bacteria. What evidence supports this theory? |
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The evidence that supports this is that EUKARYOTIC mitochondria contain PROKARYOTIC ribosomes. For a complete answer, you should have included, at the very least, a mention of the fully assembled ribosomes – 70S versus 80S |
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What is the main reason that mesophiles die when they are moved to thermophile temperatures? |
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The main reason is that the enzymes in a mesophile could not function at the temperature that thermophiles grow at, and therefore, the mesophile would die. |
