Feist 9 – Flashcard
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What terms did Skinner use to explain the progression of language development in children from birth till the age they are able to utter short phrases and sentences? Successive approximations, observation, and interaction Interaction, reinforcement, and shaping Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement Reinforcement, observation, and interaction
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Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement
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Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants? Language comprehension occurs in the right hemisphere of the brain, in the region called Broca's area. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area. Language production is associated with the left-hemisphere region called Wernicke's area. The ability to understand words develops after the ability to produce words.
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It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.
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Which of the following is true in the context of Chomsky's views on language development? Grammar is universal, but it may not always follow universal principles. Not all languages have the same components of speech. The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar. The components of speech seldom vary in where they can be put in sentences.
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The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar.
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According to the theory of linguistic relativism, which of the following is true? Learning of a language is often relative to a child's age and gender. Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world. Language is the same as thought since thoughts are expressed in language. Language influences rather than determines our thinking.
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Language influences rather than determines our thinking.
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Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second? Humans speak because they want to convey an idea or a feeling and not because they have been reinforced to do so. There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages. There are many learning processes involved in the actual process of language learning. All human beings learn languages through the process of reinforcement and shaping
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There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.
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David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to: 3 years of age. 8 years of age. 5 years of age. 12 years of age.
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12 years of age.
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In babies, the babbling stage usually ends at around: 2 months. 6 months. 18 months. 12 months.
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12 months.
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According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true? Sensitivity periods begin after the plasticity of neural connections becomes more flexible. Pruning increases the plasticity of the neural connections. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak. Neural wiring plummets when the sensitivity period begins.
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Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.
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Annie has learned to use certain words such as "jam," "apple," "book," and "hand." It suggests that these words are mostly used: in the middle of a sentence. at the end of a sentence. at the beginning of a sentence. only in isolated cases.
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at the end of a sentence.
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Which of the following brain cells fire when an individual performs a task or observes another person do the same task? Spindle neurons Mirror neurons Inter neurons Neurons
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Mirror neurons
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Nancy is a 4-month-old infant who utters repeated vowel sounds such as "aah and ooh." Until 6 months of age, her speech consists almost exclusively of vowels. Nancy is said to be in the ______ stage of language development. twaddling cooing babbling crib talk
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cooing
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According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis. sensitivity period linguistic determinism innate perception rational choice
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linguistic determinism
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Which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies? They can hear less sounds than their parents can. They can make lesser sounds than they hear in their native language. They tend to retain the sounds that are not used in the native language. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.
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They can hear more sounds than their parents can.
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Which theory holds that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions to such an extent that people who speak languages that lack a common foundation have difficulty directly communicating and translating their ideas from one language to the other? Nativist theory Theory of innately guided learning Linguistic determinism hypothesis Skinnerian theory of language
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Linguistic determinism hypothesis
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Which of the following best describes the language acquisition device? An innate capacity to come up with novel words and utterances. A device that imitates adult speech to aid language development in children. An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language. An interactive device that helps a child learn different languages at a time.
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An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language.
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Which of the following makes human language unique? It can be used to express one's needs and desires. It can be spoken in different ways by different people. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction. It can be used for the purpose of metacommunication.
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It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.
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__________ comprises the set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language. Semantics Prototype Syntax Grammar
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Grammar
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Which of the following describes linguistic determinism hypothesis? Environmental and genetic factors determine a child's language capacity. Learning to speak a language is like any other behavior that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. The biologically based language acquisition device has principles of universal grammar. Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.
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Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.
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Frieda learns to make two-word utterances. As others usually do not grasp the meanings of the words she utters, her parents often serve as translators. Considering these factors, Frieda's age would be about: 6 months. 18 months. 24 months. 12 months.
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18 months.
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Which of the following best describes child-directed speech? Changes in the child's speech as a result of imitation Speech that a child engages in talking to himself/herself Normal speech that is used while talking to the child Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation
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Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation
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Which of the following describes critical thinking? Using theological principles to deduce only the weaknesses and flaws in ideas Solving problems through a nonrational approach to new ideas Employing an interdisciplinary method to analyze how humans should, can, and do reach conclusions through intuition Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
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Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
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Dan, a German, is preparing to take a standardized test in a non-native language. Psychologists would argue that the test he would be taking will not be valid because: he would perform better in the non-native language rather than the native language. standardized tests usually have a lower internal consistency. different versions of standardized tests are designed for students taking tests in nonnative languages. the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.
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the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.
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Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals? Optimal decision theory Choice modeling theory Causal decision theory Rational choice theory
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Rational choice theory
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_______ refers to how common some phenomena, be it people or events, are in the population as a whole. Regression analysis Gambler's fallacy Phase average Base rate
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Base rate
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Neil uses the premise that all squares are rectangles. On the basis of this premise, he states that all rectangles have four sides. Therefore, he concludes that all squares must also have four sides. In which of the following is Neil engaged? Bottom-up logic finding Deductive reasoning Abstract thinking Hypothesizing
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Deductive reasoning
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Which of the following represents the most basic unit of knowledge? Concept Abstract Schema Experience
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Concept
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Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct? Her general conclusion from specific evidence is not a causal inference. The conclusion is corroborated by an independent party. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true. Her ability to selectively attend to information that supports her general beliefs is logically fallacious.
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The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.
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According to psychologists, which of the following is most likely true of Marta, who is fluent in Spanish and English? She performs better on cognitive tasks than those who speak only one language, but is most likely not to do so later in life. She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language. She is most likely to develop dementia more than four years earlier than do elderly speakers of only one language. She is most likely to have a lesser neural density than those who speak only one language.
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She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language.
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A bird has feathers and wings. It is a living thing, and it can move. It is a puffing or a canary. What does the example illustrate? A mind map Visual imagery A mental model A parallel distributed network
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A parallel distributed network
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While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts and evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgments based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing? Nonrational reasoning Critical thinking Availability heuristics Intuitive mapping
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Critical thinking
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Which of the following is true of mental representations? They are less useful for thinking about things one sensed in the past. They usually do not allow one to imagine things in the future. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing. They are not useful for thinking about abstract ideas that have no physical existence.
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They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.
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______________ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness. The representativeness heuristic Anchoring and adjustment Integrative thinking The availability heuristic
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The availability heuristic
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Which of the following explains inductive reasoning? Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions Proving something by showing that all other possibilities are not possible Understanding something by considering it as a whole system and splitting it into parts Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence
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Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence
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Which of the following best describes a scenario exemplifying the availability heuristic? Kelly concludes that tall men are intimidating on the basis of just one bad experience with a tall man. Once the tossed coin comes down heads, Gogol expects the next coin to be more likely to be tails than heads. Once Jon scores two goals, most of his teammates start passing him the ball more often on the assumption that he is "on the ball." After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.
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After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.
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What did Einstein engage in when he imagined himself traveling at the speed of light in an elevator? Verbal formulation Visual imagery Visual perception Verbal representation
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Visual imagery
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Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that: males and females perform at the same skill level on mental rotation tasks. females generally do better than males on mental rotation tasks. both males and females are rarely if ever skilled at mental rotation tasks. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
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males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
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Gabrielle teaches her fourth-grade students about abstractions such as beauty and justice. Which of the following can aid the students' understanding of such abstractions? Parallel distribution Mental representation Verbal prototype Physical event
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Mental representation
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Who among the following demonstrates metacognitive thinking? Lionel, who makes profits and gives half of it to child welfare. Brad, who visualizes the universe before he sets about doing physics. Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home. Donna, who uses a frying pan to iron her clothes as the iron is dysfunctional.
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Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home.
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n the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific. inductive reasoning concept hierarchy mental rotation complex distribution
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concept hierarchy
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_________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it. Intuitive thinking Parallel thinking Perceptual reasoning Metacognitive thinking
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Metacognitive thinking
