question

class, race, gender, age, family characteristics, place of residence, age, fam characteristics

answer

what are examples of macrostructural systems that affect micro structural inequalities & opportunities?

question

1. are forms stratification that foster group-based inequalities 2. influence fam life through their distribution of social resources & opportunities 3. are relational systems of power & subordination 4. don't stand alone; work together to place fams & individuals in dif social locations, which produce diverse fam patterns 5. are systems of subordination that shape family life, yet the fam can also be a place to resist inequality

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what are the five points that the structural perspective emphasizes about class, race & gender?

question

structured inequality (socially patterned) -inequalities aren't caused by biological, cultural or lifestyle differences -crucial feature of social stratification is that groups are socially defined & then treated unequally -when groups are differentiated as inferior & superior = stratification

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social stratification

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chances an individual has throughout his or her life cycle to live & experience the good things in life -based on class,status,social location -starts with good education -may accumulate

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life chances

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different family dynamics & diverse family arrangements

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stratification systems place individuals & fams in dif social locations, which produce:

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-people of color & women -forming a: matrix of domination

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______ & _____ often experience separate and unequal education & receive less income for their work, resulting in different life chances, forming a :

question

people experience race, class, gender & sexuality differently depending on their social locations in these structures of inequality

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matrix of domination

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within & between

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these systems of inequality (matrix of domination) create an imbalance of power _____ and _____ families.

question

when a number of ppl occupy the same economic rank in the stratification system -combo of income/education/wealth/occupation -partially influences destiny -widening gap btwn kids of rich & kids of poor

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social class

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contends that the poor have certain characteristics that set them apart from the rest of society & that these cultural differences explain continued poverty

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culture of poverty

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-poor fams throughout world adapted to their deprived conditions in similar ways -more permissive in raising their kids, less verbal, more fatalistic, less likely to defer gratification -members seen as apathetic & fatalistic with an "odds against them" mentality -poverty is more the result of a defective subculture rather than physical environment -if poverty were to be eliminated, the former poor would behave in these same ways (prefer instant gratification, be immoral by middle class standards, etc.) -the reasoning blames the victim

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case studies of Oscar Lewis

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-people fall in & out of poverty; not a permanent condition (poor fams experience short term poverty spells as they slip in/out poverty) -people often fall into poverty due to a dramatic change (ex: losing job/family breakup) -people in poverty often work but in low paid, low stability jobs -female headed, African American, Latino, & elderly have longer than average poverty spells once they become poor bc they have fewer routes out of poverty

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poverty patterns identified by researchers at university of Michigan (PSID)

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social classes

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______ ______ have structured connections with society's opportunity structure to produce advantages for some fams & disadvantages for others

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distribution of goods & services, situations & experiences that are highly valued & beneficial

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privilege

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advantages, prerogatives, & options that are available to those in the middle class -shape fam relationships -confer dominance, power, & entitlement -involve help from "the system" (banks, medical facilities, etc.)

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class privileges

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-poverty REDUCES likelihood of marriage -ppl in poverty value marriage but don't see chances of marrying someone within standards for financial stability -poor women value kids as part of their identity -family of 4 poverty rate: $25,000

answer

families in poverty

question

working-class families -the men & women who work @ lower levels of manufacturing & service sectors of economy; workers whose edu is limited, mobility options restricted, & usually work for hourly wage vs. weekly wage

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what is the largest single group of families in the country?

question

1. extended family essential 2. wives work to keep themselves above poverty line

answer

2 key aspects of working-class families:

question

middle class

answer

what is the class that is idealized in our society?

question

1. can control their working conditions to extent 2. give orders rather than take 3. know how to deal w institutions outside family (school, health, etc.) 4. many have 2 breadwinners & thus changing from traditional SNAF 5. views occupations as orienting them to success & self-direction

answer

what are the 5 key aspects of middle class?

question

1. young ppl tend to put off marriage & parenthood til achieve job security 2. advanced degrees (husband/father's occupation drives fam life; women might also have careers) 3. likely to merge the spheres of work & fams; leisure activities often revolve around occupational concerns & occupational associates 4. fam can take a "backseat" to male involvement in work, success, & striving 5. often relocated

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what are characteristics of professional class? (5)

question

1. often tied to major businesses 2. given control over social resources as well as opportunities & choices not available to other fams in society 3. marriage is important for legal-emotional commitment & for concentrating wealth 4. very ancestor oriented, want to maintain "good" breeding by using a social register with names of upper class families to maintain wealth

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wealthy families (4)

question

racial categories operate as if they are real -racial categories are a mechanism for sorting ppl in society; they structure & segregate neighborhoods, schools, churches & families

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race as socially defined

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family experiences differ by racial groups based on the IDEA that races are biological categories, but actually race is defined socially -social cagetories that differ by time & by country races thought to be physically distinguishable populations that share a common ancestry

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race as socially defined & changes over time

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society is continually creating & transforming racial categories -ex: groups that were once self-defined by their ethnic backgrounds (mexican americans & japanese americans) are now radicalized as "hispanics" and "asian americans" -ex: middle easterners coming from countries like syria, lebanon egypt & iran are commonly grouped together & called "arabs"

answer

racial formation

question

social category that includes a broad range of affiliations. based on national origin, language, religion & culture -racial-ethnic groups remain culturally distinct within US society (haitian american, mexican american, chinese american, irish american, etc.)

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ethnicity

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each class has values, attitudes & motives that distinguish its members from other classes -view that assumes that fams in a society are products of culture in which they are embedded -ex: latinos: extended fam networks play strong part in integrating family & community-too "familistic" -african americans: "matriarchal" bc of the strong role women play in extended families

answer

cultural approach

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1. reduces fam life to a group's culture 2. views fam as the bedrock of society rather than being shaped by social forces 3. blames the victim & ignores the impact of racism & economic structure on fam formation 4. treats all african american & latino fams as monolithic entities rather than acknowledging a wide range of fam forms among people of color

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four shortcomings of the cultural approach:

question

kin networks, extended family networks, & social support networks *important for middle class married african american fams as well

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what is essential for poor african american families?

question

obligation & orientation to the family -depicted as a defining feature of the mexican-heritage population

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familism

question

1. demographic familism: involves characteristics of Chicano fams, such as fam size 2. structural familism: measures the incidence of multigenerational or extended households 3. normative familism: taps the value mexican-heritage people place on family unity & solidarity 4. behavioral familism: has to do with the level of interaction btwn fam & kin networks

answer

what are the 4 key components of familism?

question

encompasses two sets of relationships with "fictive kin:" 1. padrinos y ahijados (godparents & children) 2. parents & godparents who become compadres, or co-parents -compadrazgo system of godparents enlarges fam ties by creating connections btwn fams

answer

compadrazgo

question

-lower rates of marriage than whites -increases in non-marital childbearing, female headed hoses, children entering poverty, divorce rate

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research on african american fams:

question

-asian americans seen as "model minority" - strong, well educated & upwardly mobile group -kinship networks are important

answer

research on asian fams:

question

-have lower rates of marriage than whites -poverty rates remain high

answer

research on latino fams:

question

-their ethnic/religious diversity, dif levels of edu, & places of settlement in US make it impossible to generalize about their fam arrangements (even muslim fams aren't all the same) -face similar globalizing challenges, constraints, & opportunities as other fams w respect to matters of gender, marriage & parenting

answer

research on middle eastern families:

question

-have very diverse fam arrangements; many extended fam networks and traditions of respect for elders

answer

research on native american fams:

question

help us to think about ways in which people use their families to cope w problems in their lives -instead of being passive; take actions & engage in certain behaviors (labor force participation, migration, marriage, childbearing, edu, etc.) to adapt to changes in society -strategies differ for men & women -strategies changes as ppl use their locations to shape their fam lives

answer

what are family strategies?

question

common family strategy strategy among poor to double up in households to share expenses -however, af.americans, hispanics, or asian americans are forced to double up in households, there may be fewer resources to go around, even though the intent is to add earnings

answer

household augmentation

question

social & cultural meanings attached to women & men; basic organizing principle of society

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gender

question

1. gender roles approach 2. gendered institutions approach

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2 main ways to think about gender & family

question

treats gender & differences as roles learned by individuals

answer

gender roles approach

question

emphasizes factors that are external to individuals, such as the social structure & social institutions that treat women & men differently

answer

gendered institutions approach

question

1. real-world changes in gender & family challenge the old framework of the gender roles approach, since this model fits more appropriately for families of the 50s & 60s 2. many scholars argued that this approach ignored widespread class & race differences in fams 3. this approach made it seem like role division btwn the sexes was needed for fams to operate efficiently-but critics argued that role division was not functional at all, and was based on stereotypes of men & women 4. ignores what is more important about roles-that they are unequal in power, resources, & opportunities 5. it assumes that the family is separate & distinct from other social arrangements

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weaknesses with the gender roles approach

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biological differences btwn males & females

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sex

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males & females differ bc of socialization -men fill breadwinning roles outside the fam; women fill domestic roles inside the fam -this perspective ignores that roles are unequal in power, resources, & prestige

answer

gender roles

question

means that gender is the basis for structuring the relationships btwn women & men & giving them dif positions of advantage & disadvantage -gender is present in the processes, practices, images, ideologies & distributions of power in the various sectors of social life -how women & men interact & what they do every day is essential in reproducing gender

answer

gendered institutions

question

term used for forms of social organization in which men are dominant over women

answer

patriarchy

question

refers to male dominance in the interpersonal relations btwn women & men

answer

private patriarchy

question

encompasses dominance in the institutions of the larger society

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public patriarchy

question

-capitalism & patriarchy are interrelated & should be analyzed together to understand the position of women -women & men do dif work, both in the fam & in the labor force, & they have dif resources in both of these settings -men have greater control in both public & private arenas, & therefore have more male privileges

answer

the US can be defined as a capitalist patriarchy

FAD4265: Ch 6 – Class, Race, & Gender – Flashcards

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