Exploring Medical Language (9th Edition) Chapter 2 Vocabulary – Flashcards
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cell
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basic unit of all living things. human body is composed of trillions of cells that vary in size and shape, depending on their function
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cell membrane
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forms the boundary of the cell
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cytoplasm
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gel-like fluid inside the cell, substance
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nucleus
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largest structure within the cell, usually spherical and centrally located. contains chromosomes for cellular reproduction and is the control center of the cell
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chromosomes
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located in the nucleus of the cell. 46 in normal human cells, except mature sex cells, which have 23
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genes
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regions within the chromosome. each chromosome has several thousand genes that determine hereditary characteristics
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DNA/deoxyribonucleic acid
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comprises each gene; is a genetic material that regulates the activities of the cell
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tissue
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group of similar cells that perform a specific function
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muscle tissue
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composed of cells that have a special ability to contract, usually producing movement
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nervous tissue
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found in the nerves, spinal cord, and brain responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities
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connective tissue
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connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures. ex: adipose (fat), osseous (bone) tissues, and blood are types of connective tissue
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epithelial tissue
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the major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands
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organ
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two or more kinds of tissues that together from special body functions. ex: the skin is an organ composed of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue
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system
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group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions. ex: the cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. its function is t transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide and other waste product
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integumentary system
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composed of skin, nails, and glands. form a protective covering for the body, regulates body temp, and helps manufacture vitamin D
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respiratory system
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composed of nose, pharynx (nose), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs. performs respiration, which provides for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body
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urinary system
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composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. removes waste material (urine) from the body, regulates fluid volume, and maintains electrolyte concentration
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reproductive system
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females - composed of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands. males - composed of testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland, and associated tubes. responsible for heredity and reproduction
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cardiovascular system
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composed of the heat and blood vessels. pumps and transports blood throughout the body
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lymphatic system
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composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. provides for defense against infection and drainage of extracellular fluid
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digestive system
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composed of the gastrointestinal tract which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine and accessory organs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. prepares food for use by the body cells and eliminates waste
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musculoskeletal system
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composed of muscle, bones, and joints. provides movement and framework for the body, protects vital organs such as the brain, stores calcium, and produces red blood cells
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nervous system
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composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. regulates body activities by sending and receiving messages
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endocrine system
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composed of glands that secrete hormones, which regulate many body activities
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cranial cavity
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space inside the skull (cranium) containing the brain
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cranium
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skull
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spinal cavity
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space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord
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thoracic cavity
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space containing the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and mediastinal area
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abdominal cavity
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space containing the stomach, intestines, kidneys, adrenal glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and ureters
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pelvic cavity
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space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, parts of the small and large intestine, and the rectum
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abdominopelvic cavity
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both the pelvic and abdominal cavities
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adenocarcinoma
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cancerous tumor of glandular tissue
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adenoma
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tumor composed of glandular tissue (benign)
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carcinoma
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cancerous tumor (malignant)
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chloroma
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tumor of green color (malignant, arising from myeloid tissue)
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epithelioma
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tumor composed of epithelium (benign or malignant)
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fibroma
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tumor composed of fiber (fibrous tissue) (benign)
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fibrosarcoma
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malignant tumbor composed of fiber (fibrous tissue)
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leiomyoma
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tumor composed of smooth muscle (benign)
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leiomysarcoma
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tumor of smooth muscle (malignant)
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lipoma
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tumor composed of fat (benign)
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liposarcoma
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tumor composed of fat (malignant)
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melanocarcinoma
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cancerous black tumor (malignant)
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melanoma
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black tumor (primarily of the skin)
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myoma
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tumor composed of muscle (benign)
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neoplasm
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new growth (of abnormal tissue) (benign or malignant)
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neuroma
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tumor composed of nerve (benign)
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rhabdomyoma
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tumor composed of striated muscle (benign)
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rhabdomyosarcoma
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tumor of striated muscle (malignant)
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sarcoma
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tumor of connective tissue (like bone or cartilage) (highly malignant)
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dysplasia
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abnormal development
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epithelial
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pertaining to epithelium
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erythrocytosis
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increase in the number of red blood cells
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histology
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study of tissue
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hyperplasia
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excessive development (number of cells)
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hypoplasia
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incomplete development (of an organ or tissue)
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karyocyte
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cell with a nucleus
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karyoplasm
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substance of a nucleus
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leukocyte
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white blood cell
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leukocytosis
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increase in the number of white blood cells
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lipoid
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resembling fat
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myopathy
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disease of the muscle
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neuroid
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resembling a nerve
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organomegaly
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enlargement of an organ
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somatic
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pertaining to the body
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somatogenic
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originating in the body (organic, not psychogenic)
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somatopathy
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disease of the body
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somatoplasm
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body substance
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systemic
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pertaining to a body system, or the body as a whole
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visceral
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pertaining to the internal organs
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cytogenic
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producing cells
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cytoid
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resembling a cell
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cytology
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study of cells
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cancerous
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pertaining to cancer
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carcinogen
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substance that causes cancer
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carcinogenic
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producing cancer
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cyanosis
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abnormal condition of blue (bluish discoloration, especially of the skin, caused by inadequate supply of oxygen in the blood
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diagnosis
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state of complete knowledge in identifying a disease
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etiology
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study of the cause of diseases
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iatrogenic
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produced by a physician, the unexpected results due to a treatment prescribed by a physician
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iatrology
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study of medicine
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metastasis
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beyond control ex: the transfer of cells from one organ to another due to a malignant tumor
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oncogenic
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causing tumors
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oncologist
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physician who studies and treats malignant tumors
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oncology
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study of malignant tumors
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organic
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pertaining to an organic
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pathogenic
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producing disease
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pathologist
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physician who studies diseases, examines biopsies, and performs autopsies to determine the cause of disease or death
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pathology
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study of disease and the causes of disease and death
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prognosis
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state of before knowledge, the prediction of the outcome of a disease
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xanthochromic
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pertaining to yellow color
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xanthosis
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abnormal condition of yellow, discoloration
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death; a mechanism for cell deletion to regulate cell population or destroy damaged or defective cells. some cancers can disrupt this and cells lose the ability and live forever
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benign
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not malignant, nonrecurrent, favorable for recovery
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biological therapy
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treatment of cancer with biological response modifiers (BRM) that occur naturally in the body that work with the immune system
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carcinoma in situ
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cancer in the early stages before invading surrounding tissue
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chemotherapy
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treatment of cancer with drugs
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encapsulated
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enclosed within a capsule, as with benign or malignant tumors that have not spread beyond the caps of the organ in which it originated
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exacerbation
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increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms
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hospice
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provides palliative or supportive care for terminally ill patients and their families
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idiopathic
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pertaining to disease of unknown origin
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inflammation
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localized protective response to injury or tissue destruction characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain
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in vitro
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within a glass, observable within a test tube
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in vivo
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within the living body
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malignant
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tending to become progressively worse and cause death
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morbidity
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state of being diseased or unwell; incidence of illness in a population
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mortality
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state of being mortal (death); incidence of the number of deaths in a population
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palliative
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providing relief but not care
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radiation therapy
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treatment of cancer with a radioactive substance, x-ray, or radiation. Also called radiation oncology or radiotherapy
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remission
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improvement or absence of signs of disease
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neoadjuvant therapy
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a cancer treatment that precedes other treatment, such as administering chemotherapy to a patient before surgery
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adjuvant therapy
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the use of chemotherapy after or in combination with another form of cancer treatment such as administering chemotherapy with radiotherapy
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brachytherapy
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the use of radiotherapy in which the source of radiation in placed within or close to the area being treated, such as implantation of radiation sources into the breast to treat cancer
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hospice and palliative medicine
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medical subspecialty recognized b the American Board of Medical Subspecialties
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CA
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carcinoma
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chemo
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chemotherapy
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Dx
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diagnosis
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mets
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metastases
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Px
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prognosis
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RBC
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red blood cell
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XRT
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radiation therapy
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WBC
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white blood cell
