question

force

answer

That which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion in matter (SI unit: Newton). A muscle generates force in a muscle action.

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free weight

answer

an object of known mass, not attached to a supporting or guiding structure, which is used for physical conditioning and competitive lifting

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glucose

answer

a sugar

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glycogen--loading (supercompensation)

answer

a diet or exercise-diet procedure that elevates muscle glycogen stores to concentrations two to three times normal

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glycolysis

answer

the incomplete chemical breakdwon of glycogen. In aerobic glycolysis, the end product is pyruvic acid; in anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid system), the end produce is lactic acid.

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halo effect

answer

1) the effect (usually beneficial) that the manner, attention, and caring of a provider have on a patient during a medical encounter regardless of what medical procedures or services the encounter involves 2) the influence upon an observation of the observer's perception of the characteristics of the individual observed (other than the characteristic under study) of the influence of the observer's recollection or knowledge of finding on a previous occasion

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Hawthorn effect

answer

the effect (usually beneficial) of being under study upon the persons being studied; their knowledge of the study often influences their behavior

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heart rate reserve

answer

the difference between the resting heart rate and the maximal heart rate

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heat exhaustion

answer

a condition of fatigue caused by prolonged exposure to environmental heat. May be associated with headache, nausea, and vomiting.

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hemoglobin (HgB)

answer

a complex molecule found in red blood cells, which contains iron (heme) and protein (globin) and is capable of combining with oxygen

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hypercapnia

answer

presence of an abnormally large amount of CO2 in the circulating blood: increased partial pressure of CO2 resulting in extra stimulation of respiratory area

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hyperlipidemia

answer

a general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in plasma, such as cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins

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hypertension

answer

high blood pressure

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hypertrophy

answer

an increase in the size or cell of an organ

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hypoglycemia

answer

lower than normal blood sugar level due to inadequate supply or regulation; may be the result of excessive blood insulin

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hypoxia

answer

lack of adequate oxygen due to a reduced oxygen partial pressure

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incidence rate

answer

the rate at which new events occur in a population. The numerator is the number of new events that occur in a defined period; the denominator is the population at risk of experiencing the event during this period.

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inotropic

answer

force of myocardial contraction; a shift in the Frank-Starling curve to the right or to the left

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insulin

answer

a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas that causes increased cellular uptake of glucose

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internal validity

answer

the index and comparison of groups are selected and compared in such a manner that the observed differences between them on the dependent variables under study may, apart from sampling error, be attributed only to the hypothesized effect under investigation

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interval training

answer

a system of physical conditioning in which the body is subjected to short but regularly repeated periods of work stress interspersed with adequate periods of relief

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intramuscular glycogen

answer

complex carbohydrate stored within muscle cells; the glucose subunits are used as a ready source of energy for muscle metabolism

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ischemic

answer

a local and temporary deficiency of blood and oxygen, chiefly caused by narrowing of a blood vessel

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kilocalorie (kcal)

answer

a unit of work or energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree Celsius

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kilogram--meters (kg-m)

answer

a unit of work

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kilojoules (kJ)

answer

a unit of energy

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kinesiology

answer

scientific study of human movement. includes such aspects of study as ex phys, motor learning/control, and biomechanics

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Krebs Cycle

answer

a series of chemical reactions occurring in mitochondria, in which carbon dioxide is produce and hydrogen ions and electrons are removed from carbon atoms (oxidation). Also referred to as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), or citric acid cycle

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lactate threshold

answer

the point during exercise where a nonlinear increase in blood lactate occurs.

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lactic acid (lactate)

answer

a fatiguing metabolite produced during anaerobic glycolysis: resulting from the incomplete breakdown of sugar or (glucose)

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lactic acid system (LA system)

answer

an anaerobic energy system in which ATP is manufactured when glucose (sugar) is broken down to lactic acid. High-intensity efforts requiring 1 to 3 minutes before energy (ATP) is primarily drawn from this system. More commonly referred to as anaerobic glycolysis.

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lean body mass (weight)

answer

the body weight minus the weight of the body fat

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mass

answer

the quantity of matter of an object that is reflected in its inertia (kilogram)

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maximal aerobic consumption or power (max VO2)

answer

the maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumed per minute; the power or capacity of the aerobic or oxygen system

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maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)

answer

the greatest force output that an individual can generate from a muscle group through only volitional control

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MET (metabolic equivalent)

answer

the amount of oxygen required per minute under resting, sitting conditions. it is approximately 3.5 mL of oxygen consumed per kg of body weight per minute

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metabolic system

answer

a system of biochemical reactions that cause the formation of waste products (metabolites) and the manufacture of ATP; for example, the ATP-PC, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxygen system

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metabolism

answer

the substance produced by metabolic action

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minute ventilation

answer

the amount of air inspired (V1) or expired (VE) in one minute, usually it refers to the expired amount

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mitochondrion(a)

answer

a subcellular structure found in all cells in which the reactions of the Krebs Cycle and electron transport system take place

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motor neuron (Motorneuron)

answer

a nerve cell, which when stimulated affects muscular contraction. Most motoneurons innervate skeletal muscle

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motor unit

answer

an individual alpha motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates (to communicate nervous energy to)

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muscular endurance

answer

the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a light load for an extended period of time

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muscular strength

answer

the force or tension that a muscle or group of muscles can exert against a resistance in one maximal effort

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myoglobin

answer

an oxygen-binding pigment similar to hemoglobin that gives the red muscle fiber its color. it acts as an oxygen store and aids in the diffusion of oxygen.

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myosin-ATPase (m-ATPase)

answer

myfibrillar adenosine triphosphate: an enzyme found in myosin that catalyzes ATP degradation to ADP and Pi; a marker for muscle fiber contraction speed

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negative energy balance

answer

a condition in which less energy (food) is taken in that is given off; body weight decreases as a result

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negative work

answer

force times distance applied in the same direction as the pull of gravity; assisted by gravity

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net oxygen cost

answer

the amount of oxygen above resting values, require to perform a given amount of work. Also referred to as net cost of exercise

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neuron

answer

a nerve cell consisting of a body (soma), with its nucleus and cytoplasm, dendrites and axon

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overload principle

answer

progressively increasing the volume of exercise during workouts over the course of the training program as fitness capacity improves

question

overtraining

answer

imbalance between high volume and/or high intensity training and adequate recovery, resulting in disturbances in physical performance, biological function, and mood state

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oxygen consumption

answer

the amount or rate at which oxygen can be consumed per minute

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oxygen debt

answer

the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery from exercise, above that ordinarily consumed at rest in the same time period. there is a rapid component (alactacid) and a slow component (lactacid)

question

oxygen deficit

answer

the time period during exercise in which the level of oxygen consumption is below that necessary to supply all the ATP required for the exercise; the time period during which an oxygen debt is contracted

question

oxygen transport system (VO2)

answer

composed of the stroke volume (SV), the heart rate (HR), and the arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (a-vO2 diff). mathematically, it is defined as Vo2 = SV x HR x a-vO2 diff

question

placebo effect

answer

an inert medication or procedure. the placebo affect is attributable to the expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion

question

phosphocreatine (PC)

answer

a chemical compound stored in muscle, which when broken down aids in manufacturing ATP

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positive energy balance

answer

a condition in which more energy (food) is taken in than is given off; body weight increases as a result

question

positive work

answer

force times distance applied in opposition to the pull of gravity

question

power

answer

the rate of performing work; the product of force and velocity. the rate of transformation of metabolic potential energy to work or heat (measured in watts)

question

prevalence rate

answer

the total number of all individuals who have an attribute or disease at a particular time (or during a particular period) divided by the population at risk of having the attribute or disease at this point in time or midway through the period

question

progressive-resistance exercise (PRE)

answer

comprehensive term to cover a wide variety of muscular strength or endurance training practices when progressive overload is emphasized

question

rate-pressure product

answer

the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure which provides a noninvasive estimate of myocardial oxygen consumption

question

recovery oxygen

answer

net amount of oxygen consumed during recovery from exercise; oxygen consumed in excess of the amount consumed at rest over the same time period (reported in liters)

question

respiration

answer

a cellular process where food substances are broken down to CO2 and H2 in the presence of O2 to liberate chemical energy

question

respiratory exchange ratio (R)

answer

the ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the body to the amount of oxygen consumed (Vco2/Vo2)

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Sliding Filament Theory

answer

a proposed mechanism for muscle action where shortening and elongation are the result of actin protein filaments sliding inward and outward over myosin protein filaments

question

Slow-twitch (ST) fiber

answer

a muscle fiber characterized by slow contraction time, low anaerobic capacity, and high aerobic capacity, all making the fiber suited for low-power output activities. AKA Type I fiber

question

specificity of training

answer

principle underlying constructioin of a training program for a specific activity or skill and the primary energy system(s) involved during performance. For example, a training program for sprinters would consist of repeated bouts of sprints in order to develop both sprinting performance and the ATP-PC system

question

sports medicine

answer

umbrella term that refers to all aspects of sport and exercise science, especially as used in the U.S.; examples are kinesiology, cardiac rehab, adult fitness, and athletic medicine

question

sprint training

answer

a type of training system employing repeated sprints at maximal speed

question

steady state

answer

pertaining to the time period during which a physiological function (such as VO2) remains at a constant (steady) value

question

strength

answer

the maximal force or torque a muscle or muscle group can generate at a specific or determined velocity

question

stretch reflex

answer

contraction of muscles to produce movement or tension due to muscle spindle stretch via a sharp tap on tendon or pull of gravity on skeleton

question

target heart rate (THR)

answer

a predetermined heart rate to be obtained during exercise

question

tension

answer

force applied to a structure that does not move; in muscle, the static or isometric tension developed with the recycling of ATP at cross-bridge sites

question

torque

answer

the effectiveness of a force to overcome the rotational inertia of an object. The produce of force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation (newton-meter)

question

total lung capacity (TLC)

answer

volume of air in lungs at the end of maximal respiration

question

training

answer

an exercise program to develop an individual for a particular event. increasing skill of performance and energy capacities are of equal consideration.

question

Type IA muscle fiber

answer

commonly used classification for muscle fibers that display characteristics of slow twitch, nonfatigue, and combined oxidative and glycolytic metabolism

question

Type IIB muscle fiber

answer

commonly used classification for muscle fibers that display characteristics of fast twitch, medium fatigue, and combined oxidative and glycolytic metabolism

question

ventilatory efficiency

answer

the amount of ventilation required per liter of oxygen consumed (i.e. Ve/Vo2)

question

vital capacity (VC)

answer

maimal volume of air forcefully expired after maximal inspiration

question

watt

answer

a unit of power

question

weight

answer

the force exerted by gravity on an object (SI unit: newton, traditional unit: kg) (mass=weight x acceleration due to gravity)

question

work

answer

force xpressed through a displacement but with no limitation on time (joule) (Note: 1 newton x 1 meter = 1 joule)

question

accommodating resistance

answer

a feature unique to isokinetic testing or training apparatus where a counter force is provided so that the speed of contraction is controlled

question

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

answer

a complex chemical compound formed with the energy released from food and stored in all cells, particularly muscles. only from the energy released by the breakdown of this compound can the cell perform work

question

aerobic

answer

in the presence of oxygen

question

aerobic power

answer

maximal rate at which an individual can consume oxygen during the performance of all-out, exhaustive exercise (best index of cardiorespiratory fitness)

question

aerobic system

answer

term used to denote the entire series of biochemical reactions and pathways whereby ATP can be synthesized from food-fuels but only in the presence of oxygen. Includes aerobic glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and ETS

question

anabolic

answer

protein building

question

anaerobic

answer

in the absence of oxygen

question

anaerobic glycolysis

answer

the incomplete breakdown of carbohydrate. the anaerobic reactions in this breakdown release energy for the manufacture of ATP as they produce lactic acid (aka the lactic acid system)

question

anaerobic power

answer

the development of maximal or peak power during exertion; measure as work (force in kg x distance in meters) expressed per unit of time (min)

question

anaerobic threshold

answer

that intensity of work load or oxygen consumption at which anaerobic metabolism is accelerated

question

ATP-PC system

answer

an anaerobic energy system in which ATP is manufactured when phosphocreatine (PC) is broken down. this system represents the most rapidly available source of ATP for use by muscle. Activities performed at maximum intensity for a period of 10 seconds or less derive ATP or energy from this system

question

attributal risk

answer

the rate of a disease or other outcome in exposed individuals that can be attributed to the exposure. this measure is derived by subtracting the rate of the outcome (usually incidence or mortality) among the unexposed from the rate among the exposed individuals

question

beta oxidation

answer

the series of reactions by which fat is broken down from long carbon chains to two carbon units in preparation for entry into the Krebs Cycle

question

bioenergetics

answer

the study of transformations of energy in living organisms

question

biopsy

answer

the removal and examination of tissue from the living body

question

blood pressure

answer

the force per unit area exerted by the blood against the inside walls of an artery; the driving force that moves blood through the circulatory system

question

body mass index (BMI)

answer

a much used indication of the size of an individual in relationship to his or her height; ratio of weight to height squared using units of kilograms and meters

question

calorie (cal)

answer

a unit of work or energy equal to the amount of heat require to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

question

carbohydrate

answer

any group of chemical compounds (sugars, starches, and cellulose) contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only

question

cardiac output (Q)

answer

the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute; the produce of the stroke volume and the heart rate

question

cardiorespiratory endurance

answer

the ability of the lungs and heart to take in an transport adequate amounts of oxygen to the working muscles, allowing activities that involve large muscle masses to be performed over long periods of time

question

comorbidity

answer

disease(s) that coexist(s) in a study participant in addition to the index condition that is the subject of study

question

concentric contraction

answer

muscle action in which the ends of the muscle are drawn closer

question

conditioning

answer

augmentation of the energy capacity of muscle through a physical exercise program. conditioning is not primarily concerned with the skill of performance, as would be the case in training

question

diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

answer

the lowest pressure existing in the arteries

question

dislipidemia

answer

a general term for an abnormal lipid profile

question

eccentric contraction

answer

muscle action in which a force external to the muscle overcomes the muscle force and the ends of the muscle are drawn further apart

question

electrocardiogram (ECG)

answer

a recording of the electrical activity of the heart

question

electrocardiography

answer

the making of graphic records of the variations in electrical potential caused by electrical activity of the heart muscle and detected at the body surface, as a method for studying the action of the heart muscle

question

endurance

answer

the time limit of a person's ability to maintain either an isometric force or a power level involving combinations of concentric and or/eccentric muscle actions

question

energy

answer

the capability of producing force, performing work, or generating heat (joule)

question

energy system

answer

one of three metabolic systems involving a series of chemical reactions resulting in the formation of waste products and the manufacture of ATP

question

enzyme

answer

a protein compound that speeds up a chemical reaction

question

epidemiology

answer

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problem

question

ergogenic acid

answer

any factor that improves work performance

question

essential hypertension

answer

abnormally high blood pressure in humans that has no known cause and therefore no known cure; most common type of high blood pressure

question

exercise

answer

any and all activity involving the generation of force by the activated muscle(s). exercise can be quantified mechanically as force, torque, work, power, or velocity of progression

question

exercise intensity

answer

a specific level of muscular activity that can be quantified in terms of power (energy expenditure or work performed per unit of time), the opposing force (e.g. by free weight stack), isometric force sustained, or velocity of progression

question

exercise physiology

answer

scientific study of how the body, from a functional standpoint, responds, adjusts, and adapts to acute exercise and chronic training

question

external validity

answer

a study is externally valid or generalizable if it can produce unbiased inferences regarding a target population (beyond the subjects of the study). this aspect of validity is only meaningful with regard to a specified external target population

question

fast-twitch (FT) fiber

answer

a muscle fiber characterized by fast contraction time, high anaerobic capacity, all making the fiber suited for high-power output activities (AKA Type II fiber)

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