question

"ancients vs. moderns"

answer

Ancients..... - favored old ideas - truth is universal - "classical past" - Artistic standards need never change Moderns.... - Favored change - Believed ideas of truth and continue to evolve - looked to change society's thinking on woman/individualism - ancients weren't perfect

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argument from design

answer

The argument that God's existence is demonstrable from the evidence of design in the universe

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bildunsroman

answer

A novel of formation...education through experience Main character grows from childhood to maturity and has to eventually embrace or reject his cultures beliefs

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"literature as a mirror"

answer

Literature reflects and comments on aspects of things people encounter in their daily lives

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comedy

answer

a literary genre and a type of dramatic work that is amusing and satirical in its tone, mostly having cheerful ending. The motif of this dramatic work is triumph over unpleasant circumstance by which to create comic effects, resulting in happy or successful conclusion.

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complacency

answer

a feeling of uncritical satisfaction with oneself.... "self-satisfaction"

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convention

answer

defining features of particular literary genres

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deism

answer

Belief in the existence of a supreme being God has created the world, but is apart from it

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didactic

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Intended to instruct Inclined to teach or moralize Morally instructive

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dynamic character

answer

A character that experiences changes throughout a story

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(The) Enlightenment

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"Age of reason" Emphasized reason and individualism

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erziehungsroman

answer

A novel of education and training The education is formal or informal Teacher/mentor...Ex.) Pangloss/Martin

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folly

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Lack of good sense...foolishness

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hypocrisy

answer

the practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs to which one's own behavior does not conform; pretense

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irony

answer

the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect

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philosophical optimism

answer

- Leibniz - We live in the best possible world - God created a physical universe that applies the laws of physics - Everything that takes place occurs for good - looking at all things in a positive manner

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problem of evil

answer

It is the argument that an all-powerful, all-knowing, and all good God would not allow any evil to occur

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providence

answer

Protective care of God or of nature as a spiritual power

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satire

answer

A story that uses laughter and abusive language in an attempt to cure and punish wrong-doing. If it does not achieve the goal it is content with making jokes.

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static character

answer

A character that does not experience changes during the course of a story

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target (as in satire)

answer

Can be anything Usually a specific person, law, or government

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theodicy

answer

Vindication of divine goodness and providence in view of the existence of evil

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vice

answer

An evil practice Moral failing Wicked conduct

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canon of western literature

answer

body of books (art) that we in the west look to as foundations of who we are today as a people

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Canon/canonicity

answer

What should be read/studied What is considered better than other literature It is an issue of power

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comparative literature

answer

The study of the literature's of two or more groups differing in cultural background and usually in language

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cosmopolitan(ism)/kosmopolites

answer

- "World citizen" - "the idea that all human beings, regardless of their political affiliation are (or can and should be) citizens in a single community

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culture wars

answer

A conflict between groups with different ideals, beliefs, and philosophies

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DWEMs

answer

Dead white European Males

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global literature (dif. from world literature)

answer

Read solely in airline terminals...The airport bookstore is stocked by buyers who operate fist and foremost within a national context

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Goethe

answer

- popularized the concept of world literature - "Goethe is the living embodiment of world literature, even of world literature as a whole"

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hegemony

answer

Leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others

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Modernity

answer

"the loss of certainty, and the realization that certainty can never be established, once and for all"

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Moretti's literature model (planetary, tree, wave)

answer

-Planetary system - each literary system is connected in some way - Trees - World Literature as a national thing - Waves - World literature comes to a place and invades it

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Pollit's literary "camps" (conservative, liberal, radical)

answer

Conservative...Classics are classics for a reason Liberal...There are other, newer classics that should be read Radicals... The whole concept of the cannon is bogus

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Weltliteratur

answer

International circulation and reception of literary works..Total of the world's national literatures

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direct quote

answer

Quoting from an article word for word exactly as the author wrote it

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plagiarism

answer

the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own whether intentional or not.

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paraphrase

answer

Restating a text or a passage in other words, often to clarify meaning or show understanding

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summary

answer

A retelling of the most important parts of what was read

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archetype

answer

typical character, an action or a situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature.....it is a universal symbol

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mimesis

answer

imitation, representation, mimicry

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verisimilitude

answer

"of being true or real"

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vernacular

answer

language of the ordinary people

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tragedy

answer

a story that ends unhappily, usually w/death

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"wild justice"

answer

when you are taking revenge on someone, you are taking the law into your own hands

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soliloquy (the assumption the audience makes)

answer

an extended speech given by a character while alone on stage

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revenge tragedy

answer

-Murder, usually in a violent, cowardly way -Murder not punished - Plotting of another character - often a relative to avenge crime

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Renaissance

answer

cultural rebirth surrounded around art and literature

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Elizabethan

answer

related to the reign of Queen Elizabeth

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Jacobean

answer

related to the reign of King James

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exposition

answer

a. Exposition- (STEP I) Establishment of background, introduction of character... information that is needed to be known by the audience for the play to make sense.

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conflict stage

answer

b. Conflict stage- (STEP II) Comes from the word "agon" meaning trouble, torment, problem. The problem here is for Hamlet to avenge his father's death by killing Claudius.

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climax

answer

c. Climax/Crisis- (STEP III) Significant pivot in the action. In this case, it is Hamlet passes over revenge on Claudius because he is praying.

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consequences

answer

d. Consequences stage- (STEP IV) Hamlet kills Polonius; Claudius now wants to kill Hamlet because he feels threatened. Hamlet will now be killed off because what he did was unmoral. Any kind of character that makes a unmoral mistake will likely die off in Shakespeare's writings.

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resolution

answer

(STEP V)We know the play is over, everyone dies, and the conflict is resolved. There will be peace... at least for now.

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Candide

answer

protagonist of the novel; good-hearted, but very naive; in love with Cunegonde; his opinions and actions are determined by the influence of outside factors

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Cunegonde

answer

daughter of a German baron who acts as Candide's benefactor until he discovers Candide's love for his daughter; young and beautiful; after her father's castle is destroyed in war, a number of exploitative men enslave her or use her as a mistress

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Pangloss

answer

a philosopher and Candide's tutor; optimistic belief that the world is "the best of all possible worlds"; he is an exaggerated parody of overly optimistic Enlightenment philosophers

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Martin

answer

cynical scholar whom Candide befriends as a travel companion; he has suffered a great deal in his life and preaches a philosophy of undiluted pessimism. he always expects nothing but the worst from the world, he often has trouble seeing the world as it really is.

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Cacambo

answer

he becomes Candide's valet when Candide travels in South America; a mixed-race native of the Americas, morally honest; directly responsible for Candide's reunion with Cunégonde. As a practical man of action, he stands in direct opposition to ineffectual philosophers such as Pangloss and Martin.

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The Old Woman

answer

born as the daughter of a Pope. She has experienced the death of a fiancé, rape by pirates, slavery, and cannibalism in wartime; becomes Cunégonde's servant. Her misfortunes have made her cynical about human nature, but she does not give in to self-pity. She is wise, practical, and loyal to her mistress. Though she has often been close to suicide, she always finds a reason to live.

question

Paquette

answer

she is the chambermaid of Cunégonde's mother. She has an affair with Pangloss and gives him syphilis. She eventually turns to prostitution to support herself. Brother Giroflée is one of her clients. In Venice, Candide is moved by Paquette's misery and gives her a large sum of money, which she quickly squanders.

question

Bro. Giroflee

answer

a dissatisfied monk. His parents forced him into a monastery to enlarge his brother's fortune. He pays for Paquette's services. Like her, he is miserable and does not get any happier after Candide gives him a large sum of money.

question

Claudius

answer

Hamlet's uncle and the new King of Denmark; Hamlet finds his rise to power suspicious; he is a very cunning political figure

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Gertrude

answer

The Queen of Denmark, Hamlet's mother, recently married to Claudius after the death of King Hamlet

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Horatio

answer

Hamlet's close friend who studied with him at the University of Wittenberg (Germany); he is loyal and helpful to Hamlet

question

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

answer

two clumsy courtiers who were friends of Hamlet who are summoned by Claudius to figure out why Hamlet is acting so strange

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Ophelia

answer

Polonius's daughter, with whom Hamlet is in love; she is very obedient to her father even in betraying Hamlet; towards the end of the play she goes insane

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Polonius

answer

The Lord Chamberlain of Claudius's court and the father of Laertes and Ophelia; he is constantly evesdropping on people; his also considered pompous and arrogant

question

the Ghost

answer

the specter of Hamlet's recently deceased father; the apparition claims to have been murdered by Claudius and asks Hamlet to avenge him; much of the play revolves around Hamlet's speculation concerning the specter.

question

Laertes

answer

Polonius's son and Ophelia's brother; he spends most of the play in France; his character serves as a foil to Hamlet

question

Fortinbras

answer

The young prince of Norway whose father was killed by Hamlet's father; he is another foil to prince Hamlet and wishes to attack Denmark to avenge his father's death

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Hamlet

answer

prince of Denmark; central protagonist in the play; his father has recently died and his wife has married his uncle, King Claudius

question

King Fortinbras

answer

K. Fortinbras King of neighboring Norway who lost lands to Denmark in the last wa

question

Old Norway

answer

Norway as it was when King Fortinbras was king before he was slain by King Hamlet

question

Baoyu

answer

He was born with a jade in his mouth because he previously was a stone who was rejected; his father dislikes him because he is mischeiveous and only does femine things; Baoyu falls in love with Daiyu and becomes a monk when they can't be together

question

Daiyu

answer

She was brought into the world from being a flower when Baoyu watered her/it; Daiyu was brought to the Rongs's house because her mother died; she is a beautiful and intelligent woman but doesn't feel like part of the family; she falls in love with Baoyu and dies because they can't be together

question

Jia Zheng

answer

He is Baoyu's father; he dislikes Baoyu because he prefers the company of women over men; he also dislikes Baoyu because he isn't serious about his studies even though Jia Zheng is

question

Vanitas

answer

the Taoist who discovers the stone after it lived its life a a mortal man and publishes the story and changes him name to Brother Amor

question

the monk

answer

scrabby headed, crazy character who with the Taoist discovers the stone; he writes the original inscription on Baoyu's jade and Baochoi's gold stone; they try to take Shi-Yin's daughter because she will cause great misfortune to the family but fail

question

the Taoist

answer

lame and filthy man who with the monk discovers the stone; he gives Jia Rui the mirror which could save his life if he looked at the right side but he looked at the wrong side and died; they try to take Shi-Yin's daughter because she will cause great misfortune to the family but fail

question

Yucun

answer

He had his beginnings in a temple next door to Zhen Shi-yin. Shi-yin recognizes an intelligence in the boy and pays his way to the capitol to take an exam. After Yu-cun is dismissed from his job as mandarin, he works as tutor for Dai-yu for awhile before her mother dies

question

Baochoi

answer

She is a cousin to both Baoyu and Daiyu; she is beautiful and pleasant; she was born with a gold stone with an inscription given by the monk; fate has it that the gold and jade are to be married mistakenly

question

The main ideas, themes and questions of each of the assigned readings (Pollitt, Damrosch, Moretti, Shenk) on world literature.

answer

Pollit - Conservative - liberal - radical Moretti - World literature is a problem - Trees, waves, planetary system - Need to read from a distant Schenk - Canon is too western and omits many famous works from the east Damrosch - A work enters into world literature by a two part process - Being read as literature - Circulating out into a broader world beyond its culture

question

Origins of "world literature" as a field of study (Goethe) and the problems associated with it.

answer

- In the 19th century, Goethe camp up with the idea of Weltliteratur which he described as being in circulation and reception of literature - Moretti believes that it is a problem that asks for a new critical method and no one knows that method

question

What problems do we encounter in considering world literature? How might we deal with these problems?

answer

We do not understand the culture that a writing is coming from and the translations of these works do not fit directly into words we understand in context. This can be dealt with by studying the culture of the time and place of writing and the translation can be solved with thesauruses to find out what the translation is trying to say.

question

What are the different positions or attitudes regarding the literary canon?

answer

a. Radical- Read whatever you please b. Conservative- Read what we know to be classics c. Liberal- Read the new classics

question

What is world literature? What are its characteristics? How would each of the writers we've read answer these questions? You should be able to answer these questions based on the readings.

answer

- Circulation of works in the world - Read as literature - Enters into circulation out into the world

question

What does it mean for a work to be canonical? Are canonical works necessarily better than others? Where do most people encounter canonical works? How are concerns about canonicity relevant to studying world literature?

answer

It has to be officially recognized collection, anthology, list or roll. It is the great works of literature. They are of known quality and enduring popularity... something memorable. We have heard of canonical works even if we haven't ever read them. And we experience them in a school setting.

question

Purpose of satire and how that purpose makes it different from the comedic.

answer

1.) Make people laugh and then make them think 2.) Funny, but maybe we shouldn't be laughing...because it really isn't funny 3.) To force change for the better

question

The characters in Candide.

answer

a. Candide— the protagonist of the novel, Candide is a good-hearted but hopelessly naïve young man. b. Cunegonde-- he daughter of a German baron who acts as Candide's benefactor until he discovers Candide's love for his daughter. Portrayed as being young and beautiful c. Paquette— he chambermaid of Cunégonde's mother. She has an affair with Pangloss and gives him syphilis. She eventually turns to prostitution to support herself. d. Bro. Giroflee--is a dissatisfied monk. His parents forced him into a monastery to enlarge his brother's fortune. He pays for Paquette's services. e. Pangloss—everything will be okay... what is around you is the best possible thing f. Martin—pessimistic way of life, life is full of suffering and nothing will get better. g. Old Woman—everyone is suffering and everyone thinks that their suffering is worse than everyone else's.

question

Who Candide's "teachers" are and the lessons he learns from them.

answer

Pangloss - "best of all possible worlds" - His own experience contradicted his belief - These can't be an effect without a cause Martin - Cynical (distrustful) scholar - Preaches philosophy of undiluted(not-weakened) pessimism (tendency to see the worst aspects of things) - Believed the worst will happen - Can't see the world as it is Cacambo - Very practical - opposes Pangloss and Martin Old Woman - Extremely wise from long difficult experiences in life

question

How the novel is didactic and the lessons it teaches.

answer

It is didactic because many philosophies are brought to the table to teach the readers

question

The meaning of the line "we must cultivate our garden."

answer

- We must grow and strengthen our garden (life) - We need to work hard to make our life the best life it can be

question

Voltaire's attitudes toward philosophical optimism, religion, humanity, philosophy, etc. as expressed in the novel.

answer

Religion - Central target of Voltaire's mockery - All religous characters were corrupt - Outside of the fantasy world life sucked Humanity - Part of the natural continuum with animals - Believed that if humans replaced their superstition/ignorance with knowledge the world would be better Philosophy - Its not good to explain deaths Philosophical optimism - whole point of Candide - Believed in it - Every time something bad would happen a good would be made out of it

question

How the earthquake near Lisbon, Portugal - and the reaction to it -- affected Voltaire's thinking.

answer

- it proved Voltaire's thinking - Gods rule was not for mans best good - "All will be well one day, that is our hope. All is well today, that is the illusion"

question

The ways in which we might deal with readings with whose contexts we are unfamiliar.

answer

Try to understand the historical significance surrounding a reading.

question

Definition of a novel.

answer

a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing character and action with some degree of realism.

question

How Story of the Stone can be seen as a novel of manners.

answer

Dominated by customs, manners, behavior of social class. Concerned with courtship of marriage. Realistic and sometimes satiric. Focus on domestic society.

question

Ways in which Asian literature seem to differ in values, techniques, etc. from Western literature.

answer

The values of love in the stories we read is less due to the signifying of prostitution and the presence of servants is also different.

question

The consequences of what can happen when private desire and social expectations are in conflict with each other in Story of the Stone and Love Suicides at Amijima.

answer

The love that is felt between the characters destroys their lives. The characters in the SOTS the characters become ill when their love cannot occur and in LSSA the characters resort to suicide because they cannot be in love.

question

Sources and conventions of revenge tragedy and how these elements are present in Hamlet.

answer

Most revenge tragedies share some basic elements: a play within a play, mad scenes, a vengeful ghost, one or several gory scenes, and, most importantly, a central character who has a serious grievance against a formidable opponent. This central character takes matters into his own hands and seeks revenge privately, after justice has failed him in the public arena. It should be noted that Hamlet is the only protagonist in any Elizabethan revenge play who can be considered a hero, aware of the moral implications involved in exacting his revenge.

question

Elements of Shakespearean tragedy, especially the influence of character responsibility on character outcome. How each character in the play creates his/her own fate.

answer

a. When Claudius killed King Hamlet fate originally struck him when he was killed b. When Gertrude married Claudius fate struck her by killing her when she drank the cup c. When Laertes tried to kill Hamlet, but got killed while attempting

question

3. Bacon's ideas on revenge as typical of Elizabethan thought as expressed in his "On Revenge."

answer

a. Bacon believes that revenge is against social and moral law b. Ignoring a wrong makes a man superior to the person who committed the first wrong c. Since a wrong in the past can't be made right, its best to concentrate on the future d. Says no man seeks to do harm for his own sake e. Revenge is selfish f. During the Elizabethan period, revenge was considered a "duty"

question

Restoration of order? Does it happen or not? How so?

answer

a. In Hamlet order was not visible b. There were many evil acts in Hamlet that messed up all of the order c. Evil must be conquered d. Once the evil was conquered (Hamlet avenges his father's death) the natural order of the environment was restored e. Moral order was restored when evil was subdued f. Hamlet restores the order

question

Five parts of a traditional, linear story - exposition, conflict stage, climax/crisis, consequences stage, resolution - and how they work in Hamlet.

answer

a. Exposition- (STEP I) Establishment of background, introduction of character... information that is needed to be known by the audience for the play to make sense. b. Conflict stage- (STEP II) Comes from the word "agon" meaning trouble, torment, problem. The problem here is for Hamlet to avenge his father's death by killing Claudius. c. Climax/Crisis- (STEP III) Significant pivot in the action. In this case, it is Hamlet passes over revenge on Claudius because he is praying. d. Consequences stage- (STEP IV) Hamlet kills Polonius; Claudius now wants to kill Hamlet because he feels threatened. Hamlet will now be killed off because what he did was unmoral. Any kind of character that makes a unmoral mistake will likely die off in Shakespeare's writings. e. Resolution- (STEP V)We know the play is over, everyone dies, and the conflict is resolved. There will be peace... at least for now.

question

Basic chronology of what happens in the play - including events that occur before the play begins -- and when.

answer

a. King Fortinbras by King Hamlet b. King Hamlet by Claudius c. Polonius by Prince Hamlet d. Ophelia by suicide e. Rosencrantz by the King of England—b/c Hamlet changed the letters around f. Guildenstern by the King of England—b/c Hamlet changed the letters around g. Gertrude by the wine poisoned by Claudius, meant for Prince Hamlet h. Claudius by Hamlet, was stabbed and forced to drink poisoned wine i. Laertes by Hamlet, was wounded with his own poisoned sword j. Hamlet by Laertes, was wounded by Laertes's poisoned sword in the sword fight

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