question

How Long Was The Middle Kingdom Around?

answer

500 Years

question

Munn v. Illinois 1876

answer

The Court found that a state law regulating pricing did not constitute a taking. The Court established the principle of public regulation of private businesses in the public interest.

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United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Company 1896

answer

The Court ruled that the acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose. This was the first significant legal case dealing with historic preservation.

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Welch v. Swasey 1909

answer

The Court established the right of municipalities to regulate building height.

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Eubank v. City of Richmond 1912

answer

The Court first approved the use of setback regulations, although it overturned the setbacks in this case.

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Hadacheck v. Sebastian 1915

answer

Court first approved the regulation of land uses. The brickyard was prohibited because it was causing adverse health effects in LA. “There must be progress, and if in its march private interests are in the way they must yield to the good of the community.

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Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon 1922

answer

The Court found that if a regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking. This was the first takings ruling and defined a taking under the 5th Amendment.

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Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. 1926

answer

Court found that the exclusion of business, trade, apartment buildings from residential districts was legitimate as a police power. First supreme court case to deal with zoning and validate police power as a way to initiate it.

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Nectow v. City of Cambridge 1928

answer

The Court used a rational basis test to strike down a zoning ordinance because it had no valid public purpose (e.g., to promote the health, safety, morals, or welfare of the public).

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Berman v. Parker 1954

answer

The Court held that aesthetics is a valid public purpose. The court found that urban renewal was a valid public purpose.

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Spur Industries v. Del Webb Development (DWD) 1972

answer

Feedlot was determined to be a public nuisance. For a business to be a public nuisance there must be a populous in which people are injured.A business must also be protected from the knowing encroachment of others.

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Golden v. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo 1972

answer

The Court upheld a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on the availability of public utilities, drainage facilities, parks, road access, and firehouses.

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Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas 1974

answer

The Court found that a community has the power to control lifestyle and values. The court upheld a regulation that prohibited more than two unrelated individuals from living together as a single family.

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Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mount Laurel 1975

answer

Mt Laurel had a zoning ord setting the min lot size to .5 acres for remaining undeveloped land and had exclusionary zoning that prohibited multifamily,mobile home,or low/moderate income housing. court req inclusionary zoning to produce affordable housing.

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Construction Industry of Sonoma County v. City of Petaluma 1975

answer

The Court upheld quotas on the annual number of building permits issued.

question

Associated Home Builders of Greater East Bay v. City of Livermore 1976

answer

The Court upheld temporary moratoriums on building permits.

question

Young v. American Mini Theaters, Inc. 1976

answer

The Court upheld a zoning scheme that decentralized sexually oriented businesses in Detroit.

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Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corporation 1977

answer

Court reviewed zoning case that denied a rezoning of a property from single-family to multi-family.SC found there was insufficient evidence to prove the Village acted in a racially discriminatory manner and overturned the findings of previous two courts.

question

Penn Central Transportation Co. v. The City of New York 1978

answer

The Court found that a taking is based on the extent of the diminution of value, interference with investment backed expectations, and the character of the government action. Court found the NYC Landmark Preservation Law did not constitute a taking.

question

State v. Baker 1979

answer

The court determined that a municipality cannot utilize criteria based on biological or legal relationships in able to limit the types of groups that may live within its borders.

question

Agins v. City of Tiburon 1980

answer

Court upheld city’s right to zone property at low-density and zoning was not a taking. Agins acquired 5 acres of land for residential development. City adopted zoning ord that placed property in a one-family dwellings zone with density restrictions.

question

Agins v. City of Tiburon 1980 #2

answer

Without having approval for dev of tract under the ord, they brought sued city alleging the city had taken their property w/out compensation in violation of the 5 and 14 Amends, and seeking a declaration that the zoning ord were facially unconstitutional.

question

Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corporation 1982

answer

Court found that where there is a physical occupation, there is a taking. The cable TV company installed cables on a building to serve the tenants of the building and to serve other buildings.

question

Members of City Council v. Taxpayers for Vincent 1984

answer

Court found that the regulation of signs was valid for aesthetic reasons as long as the ordinance does not regulate the content of the sign. If the regulation is based on sign content, it must be justified by a compelling governmental interest.

question

City of Renton v. Playtime Theaters, Inc. 1986

answer

Court found that placing restrictions on the time,place,and manner of adult entertainment is acceptable. The Court found that the city does not have to guarantee that there is land available, at a reasonable price, for this use.

question

First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. County of Los Angeles 1987

answer

Court found if a property is unusable for a period of time, then not only can the ordinance be set aside, but the property owner can subject the government to pay for damages.

question

Keystone Bituminous Coal Association v. DeBenedictis 1987

answer

The Court found that the enactment of regulations did not constitute a taking. The Act requires that 50 percent of the coal beneath four protected structures be kept in place to provide surface support. Coal Assoc alleged this constituted a taking.

question

FCC v. Florida Power Corporation 1987

answer

Court found a taking had not occurred. The public utilities challenged a federal statute that authorized the Federal Communications Commission to regulate rents charged by utilities to cable TV operators for the use of utility poles.

question

Nollan v. California Coastal Commission 1987

answer

Court found that regulations must serve a substantial public purpose and exactions are valid as long as the exaction and the project are reasonably related. The court also found that the CCC req to dedicate an easement for public beach was not reasonable.

question

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council 1992

answer

Court found there is a taking if there is a total reduction in value after the regulation is in place. The court found that Lucas purchased the land prior to the development regulations being put in place and so constituted a taking.

question

Dolan v. Tigard 1994

answer

Court found there must be a rational nexus between the exaction requirement and the development. Rough proportionality test was created case.Court overturned an exaction that req dedication of a portion of floodplain for business that wanted to expand

question

Dolan v. Tigard 1994 #2

answer

court found that conditions that require the deeding of portions of a property to the government can be justified where there is a relationship between the nature and extent of the proposed development.

question

City of Boerne v. Flores 1997

answer

This Case challenged the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. The Supreme Court ruled that the act is an unconstitutional exercise of congressional powers that exceeded the enforcement powers of the fourteenth amendment.

question

City of Monterey v. Del Monte Dunes at Monterey Ltd. 1999

answer

SC upheld award in favor of developmer after city's repeated denials of a development permit for a 190-unit residential complex on ocean front property.Court found repeated denials of permits deprived the owner of all economically viable use of land

question

Palazzolo v. Rhode Island 2001

answer

inverse condemnation. Owner was denied permit to fill wetlands for a beach club and was an unlawful taking. SC found that acquisition of title after the effective date of regulations does not bar regulatory taking claims. The case was remanded.

question

Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. et al. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency et al. 2002

answer

Court found moratoria did not constitute a taking requiring compensation.

question

Lingle v. Chevron USA, Inc. 2005

answer

Court overturned portion of the Agins precedent declaring regulation of property effects a taking if it does not substantially advance legitimate state interests.Court found this prong of formula imprecise and not appropriate for determining a taking

question

City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams 2005

answer

The Court ruled that a licensed radio operator that was denied conditional use permit for an antenna cannot seek damages because it would distort the congressional intent of the Telecommunications Act of 1996.

question

Kelo v. City of New London 2005

answer

The Supreme Court ruled that a economic development is a valid use of eminent domain. The court found that it is not in a position to determine the amount or character of land needed for a particular public project.

question

Massachusetts v. EPA, Inc. 2006

answer

The Court held that the EPA must provide a reasonable justification for why they would not regulate greenhouse gases.

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Rapanos v. United States 2006

answer

The Court found that the Army Corp of Engineers must determine whether there is a significant nexus between a wetland and a navigable waterway.

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SD Warren v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection 2006

answer

The Court found that hydroelectric dams are subject to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act.

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Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego 1981

answer

The Court found that commercial and non-commercial speech cannot be treated differently. The court overruled an ordinance that banned all off-premises signs because it effectively banned non-commercial signs.

question

Homestead Act 1892

answer

The act permitted settlers to claim 160-acre parcels of public land on the condition that they reside on the land for five consecutive years. 1.6m homesteads were granted and 270m acres were privatized between 1862 and 1986-10% of all lands in the US.

question

New York State Tenement House Act 1901

answer

Reformed earlier laws regarding tenement housing a required improved lighting, ventilation and toilets and running water in each unit. It outlawed the dumbbell design. Lawrence Veiller helped draft the act.

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US Reclamation Act 1902

answer

Set aside money from sales of semi-arid public lands for the construction of irrigation projects. Led to the eventual damming of nearly every major western river.

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Antiquities Act 1906

answer

first law to provide federal protection for archeological and historical sites. The aim is to protect all historic and prehistoric sites on US federal lands and to prohibit excavation or destruction of these antiquities.

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Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (SZEA) 1924

answer

Confirmed New York State’s authority to delegate police power to municipalities to enact local zoning ordinances. Drafted and approved under Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover.

question

Standard City Planning Enabling Act 1928

answer

The Act, outlined the powers of municipal planning commissions and required the adoption of a master plan by local governing bodies.

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Federal Home Loan Bank Act 1932

answer

Established twelve regional banks under the system. Created the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) to refinance mortgages of economically distressed homeowners, which legally expired after discriminatory practice.

question

Taylor Grazing Act 1934

answer

established the US Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands, which was later merged with the General Land Office in 1946 to form the Bureau of Land Management.

question

National Housing Act 1934

answer

established the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation and created the Federal Housing Administration to insure private mortgages. It was designed to stop the tide of bank foreclosures on family homes.

question

Indian Reorganization Act 1934

answer

Enacted to conserve and develop Indian lands and resources, granted certain rights of home rule and provided for vocational education.

question

Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act 1935

answer

Predecessor of the National Historic Preservation Act and it declared for the first time “…that it is a national policy to preserve for public use historic sites, buildings, and objects of national significance”

question

US Resettlement Administration 1935

answer

Rexford Tugwell headed this new deal program which relocated struggling urban and rural families to communities planned by the federal government.

question

Wagner-Steagall Housing Act 1937

answer

Housing Act 1937, provided for subsidies to be paid from the U.S. gov to local public housing agencies to improve living conditions for low-income families.Created the Housing Authority-became the Public Housing Admin and funded Local Housing Authorities

question

Housing Act of 1949

answer

This was the first comprehensive housing bill. It initiated urban renewal, focusing on slum clearance, urban renewal and new housing construction.

question

National Interstate and Defense Highway Act 1956

answer

The bill appropriated $25b for the construction of 41k miles of interstate hwys over 20 yrs. Funding came through the creation of the Highway Trust Fund-gathers money from excise taxes on new vehicles and sales tax on gasoline.

question

Urban Mass Transportation Act 1964

answer

provided grant money for public transit systems in the form of matching funds to cities and states. Typically, the federal government pays up to 80% of capital costs and up to 50% of operating costs for local transit systems.

question

Wilderness Act 1964

answer

created the legal definition of Wilderness in the United States and established a National Wilderness Preservation System of federally owned land. Prohibits all forms of mechanized transport within the wilderness boundaries.

question

Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act 1966

answer

Centerpiece of Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society program (elimination of poverty and of racial injustice) and created the Model Cities Program which addressed urban blight and poverty by focusing on community participation rather than top down planning.

question

National Historic Preservation Act 1966

answer

established the National Register of Historic Places and created the National Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. It requires Federal agencies to evaluate the impact of all Federally funded or permitted projects on historic properties

question

National Flood Insurance Act 1968

answer

Created the National Flood Insurance Program, currently administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

question

Civil Rights Act 1968

answer

This act was also known as the Fair Housing Act and was the first federal law prohibiting discrimination between sex, race, national origin, religion and familial status.

question

NEPA 1970

answer

NEPA requires EIS for federally funded actions that have the potential to significantly impact the environment. It acknowledged the importance of an open and public decision-making process.

question

Clean Air Act 1970

answer

Implemented to protect public health and welfare by limiting air pollution emissions and exposure to ambient air pollutants.

question

Coastal Zone Management Act 1972

answer

Created a voluntary Coastal Management Program to meet established federal standards.

question

Clean Water Act 1972

answer

Regulated water quality of lakes and rivers with a permit process. It set wastewater standards for industry and water quality standards for surface water contamination. It introduced a permit system for regulating point sources of pollution.

question

Endangered Species Act 1973

answer

Established a federal list of endangered and threatened species-required planning projects in areas with these species to consult with the FWS. Designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction

question

Oregon Land Use Act 1973

answer

Created statewide planning system and required identification of urban growth boundaries separating urban from rural areas.

question

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 1974

answer

Covers all water used for drinking, whether above or below ground, and sets standards.

question

Housing and Community Development Act 1974

answer

Instituted CDBG program.Larger cities and urban counties-“entitlement communities,” required to prepare and submit “Consolidated Plan” that establishes goals for use of funds.Grantees required to hold public meetings to solicit input from community.

question

Energy Policy Conservation Act 1975

answer

Established Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for light trucks and passenger cars. Manufacturers can earn credits for exceeding standards.

question

Emergency Housing Act 1975

answer

authorized HUD to provide short-term assistance to help defray mortgage payments for persons temporarily unemployed or underemployed as the result of poor economic conditions.

question

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1976

answer

to address the increasing problems the nation faced from its growing volume of municipal and industrial waste. Cradle to grave legislation for hazardous waste material, regulated by the EPA.

question

Toxic Substances Control Act 1976

answer

prohibits the manufacture or importation of chemicals that are not on the TSCA Inventory (or subject to one of many exemptions).

question

Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) 1977

answer

seeks to address discrimination in loans made to individuals and businesses. It was put in place to stop widespread practice of redlining of urban, low income minority neighborhoods.

question

Urban Park and Recreation Program Recovery Act 1978

answer

The act authorized matching grants to renovate and improve parks and other recreational facilities in low-income communities.

question

CERCLA (Superfund) 1980

answer

Created to protect people, families, communities and others from heavily contaminated toxic waste sites that have been abandoned. Created liability for persons discharging hazardous waste, taxed polluting industries to establish trust fund for the cleanup

question

Farmland Protection Policy Act 1981

answer

Enacted to minimize federal program contribution to loss of farmlands, it developed standards for identifying the effects of such programs on the loss of farmland.

question

Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) 1981

answer

LESA is a rating system developed by NRCS and USDA to assess the suitability of parcels for continued agricultural use. It includes environmental, economic, social and geographic features.

question

Coastal Barrier Resources Act 1982

answer

Designates various undeveloped coastal barrier islands for inclusion in the Coastal Barrier Resources System, which are ineligible for direct or indirect federal assistance that might support development except for emergency life-saving activities.

question

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 1984

answer

Required EPA to develop a regulatory program for the storage of hazardous substances and requires owners of tanks to prevent, detect and clean up an releases.

question

Low Income Housing Tax Credit 1986

answer

Tax credit created under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 gives incentives for the utilization of private equity in development of affordable housing. Enabled nonprofit organizations to raise construction funds by selling tax credits

question

Community Right to Know Act 1986

answer

Supports emergency planning efforts to provide the public and local governments with information concerning potential chemical hazards present in their communities. Required industries to report the amount and type of toxic substances they generate.

question

Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act (NAHA) 1990

answer

Established the Home Ownership Made Easy program-provided matching federal funds to local government expenditures for low-income housing needs. Jurisdictions must prepare a Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS) to qualify to receive funds.

question

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1990

answer

The ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits, under certain circumstances, discrimination based on disability. The act required that mass transit systems be accessible to those with physical disabilities

question

Americans with Disabilities Act 1991

answer

The ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that requires businesses and governments to provide people with disabilities equal access to jobs, transportation and public facilities.

question

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) 1991

answer

Req coordination between states and metro areas for air quality standards. Created Transportation Enhancements program to deal with impacts of transportation,earmarked funds for scenic byways and historic pres,bike and ped paths,expired in 1997

question

HOPE VI 1992

answer

HUD plan meant to revitalize public housing projects into mixed-income developments. established to replace the many large-scale, low quality public housing projects with smaller, higher quality mixed income projects.

question

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1996

answer

Provided federal control of pesticide distribution, sale and use. The Act required all users of pesticides to pass a certification exam in order to apply pesticide.

question

Wetlands Reserve Program 1996

answer

The program offers financial incentives for landowners to protect, restore, and enhance wetlands on their property. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) administers the program with funding from the Commodity Credit Corporation.

question

Telecommunications Act 1996

answer

purpose was to increase competition in the communications business and to streamline the installation of cell phone towers. The act gave telecom companies pre-emption powers over local regulations as well as eminent domain powers over private property.

question

Housing Opportunity Extension Act 1996

answer

The act was designated public housing units for elderly or disabled and families, provided funding for Habitat for Humanity and evicted individuals with drug or alcohol abuse or criminal records.

question

Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) 1998

answer

successor to ISTEA.TEA-21 improved safety, protection of environment and promoted more efficient and flexible transportation systems. provided enhancement grants for improvements to scenic quality,ped and bike paths,pres of historical hwy facilities

question

Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act 2000

answer

prohibits the imposition of burdens on the ability of prisoners to worship as they please, as well as making it easier for churches and other religious institutions to avoid state restrictions on their property use through zoning laws.

question

Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000

answer

The act reinforces the importance of planning to lessen the potential effects of a natural hazard. States and local governments are required to prepare plans that identify likely risks.

question

Manufactured Housing Improvement Act 2000

answer

The act established installation and building standards for manufactured homes.

question

First Model Tenement 1855

answer

In 1855, the first model tenement was built in New York City.

question

Zion Cooperative Mercantile Institution 1868

answer

The Zion’s Cooperative Mercantile Institution was founded by Bringham Young as a way to decrease dependence on outside goods.

question

Riverside, IL 1868

answer

First planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities. Designed by Frederich Law Olmsted, Sr. and Calvert Vaux as a garden suburb, giving primacy to parks and greenways. Residents could commute by rail to Chicago.

question

Yellowstone National Park 1872

answer

Yellowstone was the first national park, and is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features. Grizzlies, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park.

question

First Skyscraper 1885

answer

The availability of steel and the construction of the first safety elevator in NY, the high-rise building in Chicago was made feasible.

question

First Subway 1897

answer

The Boston Common was the first subway line in the United States, in 1897. The subway was built to eliminate trolley congestion on downtown streets.

question

Letchworth, England 1903

answer

First English Garden City.

question

Pelican Island 1903

answer

Established by an executive order of President Theodore Roosevelt on March 14, 1903 to protect the Brown Pelican, Pelican Island was the first national wildlife refuge in the United States.

question

First National Conference on City Planning 1909

answer

The conference, held in Washington DC in 1909, brought together the leaders of the housing and city planning movements.

question

Wacker’s Manual if the Plan of Chicago 1912

answer

In 1912, Walter Moody published Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago, adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.

question

New York City Zoning Resolution 1916

answer

The first zoning ordinance in the US was enacted in New York primarily to stop massive buildings such as the Equitable Building from preventing light and air from reaching the streets below. The ordinance covered the entire city and controlled land use, b

question

First Full Time Planner 1916

answer

Harland Bartholomew was the first full time planner employed by an American City, St. Louis. He developed many of the early comprehensive plans.

question

First President of the AIP 1917

answer

Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. was the first president of the AIP, which was the forerunner of the AICP.

question

French Quarter (Vieux Carre) 1921

answer

Designated the first historic preservation commission in 1921 with the purpose of preserving the commercial tourism value of the area.

question

First Regional Planning Commission 1922

answer

Established in LA, the 1922 regional planning commission was the first in the US.

question

First Off-Street Parking Requirements 1923

answer

The first off-street parking requirements were developed in Columbus Ohio in 1923.

question

First Issue of City Planning 1925

answer

In 1925, the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning published the first issue of City Planning, the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association.

question

Cincinnati Plan 1925

answer

Under the direction of Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe, was the first to be officially adopted by a major American City. It was broader than previous plans, including information about housing, recreation, garbage, schools and financing.

question

First Limited Access Highway 1926

answer

Designed by Robert Moses, and constructed in 1926, the Bronx River Parkway in Westchester County, NY was the first limited access highway.

question

Charleston, SC 1931

answer

First city to enact a Historic Preservation Ordinance, which can protect landmarks, entire historic districts or both and typically regulate the design of new construction as well as changes to existing structures.

question

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) 1933

answer

The TVA is a political entity, created to provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley, America’s most famous experiment in river-basin planning.

question

Public Works Administration 1933

answer

Used the construction of public works projects to prove employment, stabile purchasing power and improve public welfare. The PWA provided 85% of the cost of housing projects. The PWA was abolished in 1941 during WWII.

question

Park Forest, IL 1947

answer

Park Forest was the first privately financed, completely planned community ever built in the US. It was a post WWII planned suburb with a range of housing types.

question

Atlanta Metropolitan Council 1949

answer

The Council was the first regional planning agency.

question

Kentucky Urban Growth Boundary 1958

answer

Lexington and Fayette County enacted the first urban growth boundary in 1958.

question

The Urban General Plan 1964

answer

This was the first comprehensive planning textbook, written by T.J. Kent, Jr.

question

AIP Code of Ethics

answer

In 1971, AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners.

question

First AICP Exam In 1977

answer

, the first exam for AIP membership was administered.

question

Stewart B. McKinney Act 1987

answer

The act established a federal definition of homelessness and provided assistance to homeless people. It was the first legislative response to homelessness and established the continuum of care.

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