Exam 4 Chemistry Review/Study Questions Part 3 – Flashcards
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Aldosterone deficiency Water retention or water intoxication Potassium deficiency (kidneys will retain K, excrete Na) Diuretics Nausea, vomiting, weakness, headache, seizures, coma |
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| Hyponatremia |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Dehydration-#1 cause Diabetes insipidus Increased Na intake Hypothalmic disease or head trauma Decreased thirst (ex. Hypothalamic dz, elderly, infants, mentally impaired) Mental changes, restlessness, twitching, fever, thirst, nausea |
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| Hypernatremia |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: GI loss Urinary loss (renal disease) Insulin overdose (K and gluc move into cells) Alkalosis (as H moves out to maintain pH, K and Na move in) Muscle weakness, paralysis, arrhythmia |
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| Hypokalemia |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Red cell lysis / muscle injury Chemotherapy and leukemia Diabetes: low insulin causes serum buildup of K Acidosis (H moves in, K moves out) Muscle weakness, tingling, numbness, confusion, arrhythmias |
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| Hyperkalemia |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Prolonged vomiting Aldosterone deficiency (along with Na) |
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| Hypochloremia |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Bicarbonate loss (acidosis) |
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| Hyperchloremia |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Increased Levels of Bicarbonate HCO3- |
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| Metabolic alkalosis |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Decreased Levels of Bicarbonate HCO3- |
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| Metabolic acidosis |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Hypoparathyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Albumin deficiency ( affects total calcium only) Cardiac irregularities, tetany and seizures |
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| Hypocalcemia |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Hyperparathyroidism Malignancies, Multiple myeloma Drowsiness, depression, coma |
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| Hypercalcemia |
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| Cardiac arrest may result in both hypo and hyper_____ |
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| kalemia |
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| By what 3 mechanisms regulate Potassium? |
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| 1. Aldosterone, in exchange for Na 2. Na-K pump 3. insulin, which promotes the entry of K into cells |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Poor diet / starvation Malabsorption Hyperparathyroidism and other dzs with Increased Calcium -kidneys excrete Mg to balance cations Arrhythmias, tetany, psychiatric symptoms |
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| Hypomagnesemia |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Renal failure, especially in combination with antacids Bradycardia (slow heartbeat), decreased reflexes, lethargy |
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| Hypermagnesemia |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Common in hospitalized patients Diabetic ketoacidosis Hyperparathyroidism Malaise, confusion, coma due to ATP depletion |
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| Hypophosphatemia |
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| Match the Electrolyte Imbalance with the following: Renal failure Avoid hemolysis |
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| Hyperphosphatemia |
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| What tubes should you avoid when determining Calcium levels? |
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| EDTA |
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| Calcium exists in the plasma as what? |
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| *Free calcium ions or “ionized calcium” *Bound to Albumin or other anions |
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| As Calcium Increases, what happens to PO4? |
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| Decreases |
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| As Calcium Decreases, what happens to PO4? |
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| Increases |
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| As PTH Increases, what happens to PO4? |
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| Decreases |
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| True or False: Lactate (Lactic acid) is used to monitor critically ill patients for severity of illness and prognosis |
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| True |
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| What are the sample requirements when testing for Lactate (Lactic Acid)? |
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| Don't use a tourniquet Use heparinized blood or fluoride on ice |
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| What is the formula for the Anion Gap? |
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| (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3) |
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| What is the reference range for (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)? |
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| 10-20 mmol/L |
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| What is the reference range for Na - (Cl + HCO3)? |
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| 7-16 mmol/L |
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| What is the cause of a Decreased AG? |
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| Rare, usually instrument error |
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| What is the cause of an Increased AG? |
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| Lactic acidosis Alcohol or salicylate intoxication Ketoacidosis (diabetes / starvation) Renal failure |
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| What is the following considered: The presence of low blood pH, elevated AG, and elevated ?Osmo (>15) |
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| Medical Emergency |
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| As a QC tool, an increased AG on a normal sample may indicate what? |
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| Instrument Error |
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| Give the acid-base disorder (uncompensated) associated with the following results: Increased pH, Increased HCO3 |
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| Metabolic Alkalosis |
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| Give the acid-base disorder (uncompensated) associated with the following results: Decreased pH, Increased CO2 |
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| Respiratory Acidosis |
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| Give the acid-base disorder (uncompensated) associated with the following results: Decreased pH, Decreased HCO3 |
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| Metabolic Acidosis |
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| Give the acid-base disorder (uncompensated) associated with the following results: Increased pH, Decreased CO2 |
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| Respiratory Alkalosis |
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| Match the cause with the likely acid-base disorder: Pneumonia |
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| Respiratory acidosis |
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| Match the cause with the likely acid-base disorder: Anxiety |
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| Respiratory alkalosis |
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| Match the cause with the likely acid-base disorder: Diabetic ketoacidosis |
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| Metabolic acidosis |
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| Match the cause with the likely acid-base disorder: Emphysema |
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| Respiratory acidosis |
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| Match the cause with the likely acid-base disorder: Vomiting |
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| Metabolic alkalosis |
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| Match the cause with the likely acid-base disorder: Morphine or alcohol |
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| Respiratory acidosis |
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| Match the cause with the likely acid-base disorder: Tissue hypoxia |
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| Metabolic acidosis |
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| Match the cause with the likely acid-base disorder: Salicylate overdose |
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| Metabolic acidosis & Respiratory alkalosis |
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| Match the cause with the likely acid-base disorder: Diuretics |
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| Metabolic alkalosis |
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| What is the preferred anticoagulant for arterial blood gas collection? |
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| Heparin |
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| Are there any other special handling requirements for Blood Gas Analysis? |
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| Cap the needle, put on ice, test within 30 min |
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| List the effect of an air bubble and a delay in testing on ABG results for: pO2 |
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| Air Bubble - Increased Delay in Testing - Decreased |
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| List the effect of an air bubble and a delay in testing on ABG results for: pCO2 |
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| Air Bubble - Decreased Delay in Testing - Increased |
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| List the effect of an air bubble and a delay in testing on ABG results for: pH |
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| Air Bubble - Increased Delay in Testing - Decreased |
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| What methodology measures current that flows through a system? |
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| Amperometry |
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| Name the blood gas commonly measured by this method |
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| O2 |
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| What methodology measures the voltage difference between 2 electrodes? |
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| Potentiometry |
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| What are the two types of electrodes used in the Potentiometry system? |
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| Reference and Sample (indicator) |
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| Name the analytes commonly measured by the Potentiometry system method |
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| pH, electrolytes, pCO2 |
