question

animism

answer

Tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive.

question

autobiographical memory

answer

Memory of specific events in one's life.

question

central executive

answer

In Baddeley's model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information.

question

centration

answer

In Piaget's theory, the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.

question

conservation

answer

Piaget's term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object.

question

decenter

answer

In Piaget's terminology, to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation.

question

egocentrism

answer

Piaget's term for inability to consider another person's point of view; a characteristic of young children's thought.

question

emergent literacy

answer

Preschoolers' development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing.

question

encoding

answer

Process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval.

question

Enuresis

answer

Repeated urination in clothing or in bed.

question

episodic memory

answer

Long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place.

question

executive function

answer

Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.

question

fast mapping

answer

Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation.

question

fine motor skills

answer

Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.

question

generic memory

answer

Memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior.

question

gross motor skills

answer

Physical skills that involve the large muscles.

question

handedness

answer

Preference for using a particular hand.

question

irreversibility

answer

Piaget's term for a preoperational child's failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions.

question

long-term memory

answer

Storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods.

question

pragmatics

answer

(1) The practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes. (2) Set of linguistic rules that govern the use of language for communication.

question

preoperational stage

answer

In Piaget's theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic.

question

private speech

answer

Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others.

question

recall

answer

Ability to reproduce material from memory.

question

recognition

answer

Ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus.

question

retrieval

answer

Process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage.

question

scaffolding

answer

Temporary support to help a child master a task.

question

script

answer

General remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior.

question

sensory memory

answer

Initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information.

question

social interaction model

answer

Model, based on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which proposes that children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events.

question

social speech

answer

Speech intended to be understood by a listener.

question

storage

answer

Retention of information in memory for future use.

question

symbolic function

answer

Piaget's term for ability to use mental representations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning.

question

systems of action

answer

Increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.

question

theory of mind

answer

Awareness and understanding of mental processes.

question

transduction

answer

Piaget's term for a preoperational child's tendency to mentally link particular phenomena, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship.

question

working memory

answer

Short-term storage of information being actively processed.

question

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

answer

Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.

question

altruism

answer

Behavior intended to help others out of inner concern and without expectation of external reward; may involve selfdenial or self-sacrifice.

question

authoritarian parenting

answer

In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style emphasizing control and obedience.

question

authoritative parenting

answer

In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style blending respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values.

question

constructive play

answer

Play involving use of objects or materials to make something.

question

corporal punishment

answer

Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior.

question

discipline

answer

Methods of molding children's character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior.

question

dramatic play

answer

Play involving imaginary people or situations; also called pretend play, fantasy play, or imaginative play.

question

formal games with rules

answer

Organized games with known procedures and penalties.

question

functional play

answer

Play involving repetitive large muscular movements.

question

gender constancy

answer

Awareness that one will always be male or female; also called sexcategory constancy.

question

gender identity

answer

Awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female.

question

gender roles

answer

Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex; differ for males and females.

question

gender segregation

answer

Tendency to select playmates of one's own gender.

question

gender stereotypes

answer

Preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior.

question

gender-schema theory

answer

Theory, proposed by Bem, that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture.

question

gender-typing

answer

Socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.

question

ideal self

answer

Theself one would like to be.

question

identification

answer

In Freudian theory, the process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex.

question

inductive techniques

answer

Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness.

question

initiative versus guilt

answer

Erikson's third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so.

question

instrumental aggression

answer

Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal.

question

overt (direct) aggression

answer

Aggression that is openly directed at its target.

question

permissive parenting

answer

In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation.

question

power assertion

answer

Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.

question

prosocial behavior

answer

Any voluntary behavior intended to help others.

question

real self

answer

The self one actually is.

question

relational (social or indirect) aggression

answer

Aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person's relationships, reputation, or psychological wellbeing.

question

representational mappings

answer

In neo-Piagetian terminology, second stage in development of self-definition, in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-ornothing terms.

question

self-concept

answer

Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits.

question

self-definition

answer

Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself.

question

self-esteem

answer

The judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth.

question

single representations

answer

In neo-Piagetian terminology, first stage in development of self-definition, in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms.

question

social cognitive theory

answer

Albert Bandura's expansion of social learning theory; holds that children learn gender roles through socialization.

question

theory of sexual selection

answer

Darwin's theory that gender roles developed in response to men's and women's differing reproductive needs.

question

withdrawal of love

answer

Disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.

question

acceleration programs

answer

Programs for educating the gifted that move them through the curriculum at an unusually rapid pace.

question

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

answer

Syndrome characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration, and inappropriate overactivity.

question

bilingual education

answer

System of teaching non-English-speaking children in their native language while they learn English, and later switching to all-English instruction.

question

body image

answer

Descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance.

question

class inclusion

answer

Understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts.

question

componential element

answer

Sternberg's term for the analytic aspect of intelligence.

question

concrete operations

answer

Third stage of Piagetian cognitive development (approximately ages 7 to 12), during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking.

question

contextual element

answer

Sternberg's term for the practical aspect of intelligence.

question

convergent thinking

answer

Thinking aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem.

question

creativity

answer

Ability to see situations in a new way, to produce innovations, or to discern previously unidentified problems and find novel solutions.

question

cultural bias

answer

Tendency of intelligence tests to include items calling for knowledge or skills more familiar or meaningful to some cultural groups than to others.

question

decoding

answer

Process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory.

question

deductive reasoning

answer

Type of logical reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class.

question

divergent thinking

answer

Thinking that produces a variety of fresh, diverse possibilities.

question

dyslexia

answer

Developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age.

question

elaboration

answer

Mnemonic strategy of making mental associations involving items to be remembered.

question

English-immersion approach

answer

Approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English.

question

enrichment programs

answer

Programs for educating the gifted that broaden and deepen knowledge and skills through extra activities, projects, field trips, or mentoring.

question

executive function

answer

Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.

question

experiential element

answer

Sternberg's term for the insightful or creative aspect of intelligence.

question

external memory aids

answer

Mnemonic strategies using something outside the person.

question

inductive reasoning

answer

Type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about that class.

question

intellectual disability

answer

Significantly subnormal cognitive functioning. Also referred to as cognitive disability or mental retardation.

question

learning disabilities (LDs)

answer

Disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement.

question

metacognition

answer

Awareness of a person's own mental processes.

question

metamemory

answer

Understanding of processes of memory.

question

organization

answer

(1) Piaget's term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge. (2) Mnemonic strategy of categorizing material to be remembered.

question

phonetic (code-emphasis) approach

answer

Approach to teaching reading that emphasizes decoding of unfamiliar words.

question

pragmatics

answer

(1) The practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes. (2) Set of linguistic rules that govern the use of language for communication.

question

rehearsal

answer

Mnemonic strategy to keep an item in working memory through conscious repetition.

question

rough-and-tumble play

answer

Vigorous play involving wrestling, hitting, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming.

question

seriation

answer

Ability to order items along a dimension.

question

social capital

answer

Family and community resources on which a person can draw.

question

transitive inference

answer

Understanding the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object.

question

theory of multiple intelligences

answer

Gardner's theory that each person has several distinct forms of intelligence.

question

triarchic theory of intelligence

answer

Sternberg's theory describing three elements of intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual.

question

two-way (dual-language) learning

answer

Approach to second-language education in which English speakers and non-Englishspeakers learn together in their own and each other's languages.

question

tacit knowledge

answer

Sternberg's term for information that is not formally taught or openly expressed but is necessary to get ahead.

question

visually based retrieval

answer

Process of retrieving the sound of a printed word when seeing the word as a whole.

question

whole-language approach

answer

Approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual clues.

question

art therapy

answer

Therapeutic approach that allows a person to express troubled feelings without words, using a variety of art materials and media.

question

behavior therapy

answer

Therapeutic approach using principles of learning theory to encourage desired behaviors or eliminate undesired ones; also called behavior modification.

question

bullying

answer

Aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless.

question

childhood depression

answer

Mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide.

question

conduct disorder (CD)

answer

Repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others.

question

coregulation

answer

Transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation.

question

drug therapy

answer

Administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders.

question

externalizing behaviors

answer

Behaviors by which a child acts out emotional difficulties; for example, aggression or hostility.

question

family therapy

answer

Psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning.

question

generalized anxiety disorder

answer

Anxiety not focused on any single target.

question

hostile attribution bias

answer

Tendency to perceive others as trying to hurt one and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense.

question

individual psychotherapy

answer

Psychological treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one-on-one.

question

industry versus inferiority

answer

Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development, in which children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inferiority.

question

internalizing behaviors

answer

Behaviors by which emotional problems are turned inward; for example, anxiety or depression.

question

obsessive-compulsive ?disorder (OCD)

answer

Anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors.

question

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

answer

Pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance.

question

play therapy

answer

Therapeutic approach that uses play to help a child cope with emotional distress.

question

prejudice

answer

Unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one's own, especially racial or ethnic groups.

question

protective factors

answer

(1) Influences that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes. (2) Influences that reduce the impact of early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes.

question

representational systems

answer

In neo-Piagetian terminology, the third stage in development of self-definition, characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration and assessment of various aspects of the self.

question

resilient children

answer

Children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events.

question

separation anxiety disorder

answer

Condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a person is attached.

question

virtue of purpose

answer

the courage to envision and pursue goals without fear of punishment (Erikson)

question

Virtually-based retrieval

answer

memorizing words and retrieving them

question

The "Hurried" Child

answer

A condition in which parents over-schedule their children's lives, push them hard for academic success, and expect them to behave and react as miniature adults

Exam 2 (Vocab) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards