Exam 2 – Microbiology Definitions – Flashcards
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| Discovered in the mid 1980s in Lyme, CT, which is a heavily forested region. Associated with deer mites which were found to be the vector for the disease. Symptoms include arthritis, red wheel around bit area. Kingdom: Prokaryotae, Subkingdom: Bacteria, Division: Gracilicutes, Class: Scotobacteria, Order: Spirochaetales, Family: Sprirochaetaceae, Genus: Borrelia, Species: burgdorferi |
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| Lyme disease |
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| Woese discovered and won the Nobel Prize for it, have cell walls but do not have peptidoglycan, a sugar composed of sugar alcohols. Very resistant to high temperatures and have been found growing near geothermal vents, extreme acidophiles, extreme thermophiles, very atypical organisms |
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| Archaebacteria |
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| Polymer resin that was very thick and found to work as being able to see tissue pieces and could be put onto a microtome, allowed for fixation of tissue. Was initially replaced by Epon and then replaced by Spurr. |
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| Maraglas |
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| Electron microscopy structure |
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| Ultrastructure/fine structure |
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| Fixation by Osmium tetroxide or Gluteraldehyde, Dehydration by alcohol series, and Embedding by limit of resolution of 0.001 micrometer |
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| Electron Microscopy |
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| Chemical that is pretty close to glucose. Has CH2--O + NH2 which makes it different from glucose |
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| N acetyl glucosamine (NAG) |
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| Protection: keeps cell from being sensitive to osmotic changes, Confers the characteristic shape or morphology (bacilli: rod-shaped, cocci: spherical, spiral: bent, curved, or twisted rods, square: halophilic bacteria), Osmophiles: higher sugar environments, necessary for motility, necessary for reproduction |
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| Functions of Bacterial Cell Wall |
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| Pertaining to the intestinal tract (E.coli), bacteria that is either a normal flora bacteria of the intestinal tract or like Salmonella that was introduce to the intestinal tract, certain anaerobes also exist in the intestinal tract |
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| Enteric |
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| Salmonella, Vibrio, some of the most important intestinal bacteria, Shigella, all have a LPS that has Lipid A and is often referred to as endotoxins that are one of the two major bacterial toxins. Not all Gm - cells have Lipid A |
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| Enteric pathogens |
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| Formed from Lipid A and is also known as enteric fever |
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| Endotoxin |
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| From the outermost part of the plasma membrane to the inner most part of the LPS |
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| Periplasmaic Space |
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| Slime or capsule layer that is made up of Dextram or levan |
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| Glycocalyx |
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| Diplococcus pneumonieae was discovered in 1928 and is now known as Streptococcus pneumonieae. First to describe transformation in bacteria |
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| Griffith |
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| When a cell is infected and does not recognize that they are infected |
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| Lysogenic bacteria |
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| Mutation, Transformation, Conjugation, and Transduction |
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| Bacteria Genetic Variation |
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| Progressive or vital movement |
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| True motility |
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| Short, numerous hair-like projections on Gm - cells that are shorter than flagella. Bacteria use them to attach to a nutrient source |
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| Fimbriae |
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| Projection of cell that can attach to another cell and then lead to conjugation |
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| Sex pili |
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| Monotrichous (one projection), Amphitrate (Two projections from two different areas), Hophotrichous (3 or more projections from the same area), Peritrichate (multiple projections from various areas), and Atrichous (not flagellated) |
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| Arrangements of Trichous (flagella) |
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| Donor cell(F+) attaches to recipient cell (F-) and creates a F+ and F- cell |
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| Conjugation |
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| Metaphosphate (Volutin), Corynebacterium diptheriea which for rods, metachromatic that are stained with methylen blue or toluideione blue |
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| Various types of phosphate granules |
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| H2S: purple sulfur bacteria and non-purple sulfur bacteria |
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| Sulfur granules |
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| ATP's main goal is cellular respiration |
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| Biological energy |
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| Irreversible change in size or number of cells |
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| Growth of microbes |
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| No noticeable increase in growth |
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| Hag Phase |
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| Doubling of population, exponential growth. cells are most metabolically active |
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| Log Phase |
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| No noticeable increase in growth, depletion of nutrients |
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| Maximum stationary phase |
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| Allows you to keeps media's pH adjusted |
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| Chemostat |
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| Beef extract, peptone, agar of 15 grams and 977 mL of water |
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| Nutrient agar |
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| All organisms must have these things to survive |
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| Carbon, energy source, nitrogen source, phosphorus source, sulfur source, vitamins, minerals, and water |
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| Need a way to produce ATP |
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| Energy source |
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| To build up protein synthesis (way gene material is expressed) |
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| Nitrogen source |
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| For cell membrane, to make ATP, bridging group |
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| Phosphorus source |
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| Among 20 amino acids, 3 contain sulfur and all proteins contain those 3 amino acids |
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| Sulfur source |
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| Fastidious (has complex growth requirements) E.coli will grow on glucose mineral salts, which is simplest growth media |
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| Vitamins |
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| Co-factors in enzymes, necessary for activation of enzyme systems. |
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| Minerals |
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| Universal solvent, relations to osmosis, 70-90% of a cell, buffering effect against temperature change |
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| Water |
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| Organic NH2, Nitrification, Denitrification,Nitrogen fixation |
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| Nitrogen Cycle |
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| Bonds in carbohydrates formed in dehydration synthesis where disaccharides and polysaccharides are formed |
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| Glycosidic bond |
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| Bond formed in protein chains between amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the adjacent amino acid |
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| Peptide bond |
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| Catalytic agents of cells that lower activation energy |
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| Enzyme |
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| Non-protein organic compound loosely bound to an enzyme (NAD+, NADP+, FAD+) |
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| Coenzyme |
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| Inorganic ions firmly bound to an enzyme molecule, metallic ions (zinc copper, etc.) |
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| Cofactor |
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| Lysozyme degrades bacterial cell wall in Gm + cells |
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| Protoplast |
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| Lysozyme degrades bacterial cell wall in Gm - cells |
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| Spheroplast |
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| Division of Gm - bacteria |
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| Gracilicutes |
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| Division of Gm + bacteria |
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| Fimicutes |
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| Division of wall free bacteria |
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| Tenericutes |
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| Division of archaebacteria |
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| Mendosicutes |
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| Phyocerythrin |
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| Red algae pigments |
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| Fucoxanthin |
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| Brown algae pigments |
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| Beta carotene and xanthophylls and chlorophyll c |
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| Yellow and brown algae pigments |
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| Chlorophyll a and b |
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| Green algae pigments |
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| Organisms can live in the presence or absence of oxygen |
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| Facultative |
