EXAM 1 QUIZES – Flashcards

a. What is the relationship between child-rearing practices (e.g., whether and for how long a child sleeps with its mother) and the occurrence and intensity of rites of passage? b. Are attitudes about authority reflected in a society's religious beliefs? Incorrect c. What was the rate and process of permanent settlement among Tibetan pastoral nomads after the Chinese invaded Tibet? D. BOTH OF THE QUESTIONS NOT RELATED TO TIBET

A. APPLIED ANTHROPOLIGIST b. ethnologist c. medical anthropologist d. molecular anthropologist e. ethnolinguist

a. infants nurse more often b. infants receive more stimuli c. infants are less susceptible to infant death syndrome d. mother gets at least as much sleep as mothers who do not sleep with infants E. ALL OF THOSE ARE BENEFITS OF MOTHER AND INFANT CO-SLEEPING

a. 20th b. 19th c. 16th D. 18TH e. 7th

A. BY PROVIDING STANDARD HEALTH CARE, REGARDLESS OF THE PATIENT'S CULTURAL BACKGROUND b. by providing mental health care as well as physical care c. by providing referrals to local clinics and hospitals d. by providing refuge to those who are ostracized from their families because of the disease e. by providing their homes to be used as orphanages

A. ALLOW THEM TO COLLABORATE WITH THE ANTHROPOGIST'S STUDY b. make a cross-cultural comparative study c. determine the most important facts that are relevant to the study d. only allow the individuals studied to write the ethnography e. do a sample study of various communities in the area

a. to discover the universal principles that govern the workings of the visible world b. to develop explanations of the world that are testable and correctable C. TO ELIMINATE THE NEED TO USE THE IMAGINATION d. all of these are goals of science e. none of these are goals of science

a. Arctic B. PREHISTORIC c. futuristic d. historical e. culture-bound

a. stature b. race c. sex D. MARITAL STATUS e. age

a. humans as biological organisms because the capacity for culture is rooted in our biological natures b. how some people are "more cultured" than others c. the rules or standards of behavior by which societies operate d. learned behavior rather than those acquired through biological inheritance E. THE RULES OR STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR BY WHICH SOCIETIES OPERATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR RATHER THAN THOSE ACQUIRED THROUGH BIOLOGICAL INHERITANCE

a. it has developed a systemic, cross-cultural approach to understanding human behavior b. it takes human beings as its subject matter ("the study of humankind") c. it develops hypotheses and theories about the organization of language, values, and art in culture d. it tackles culture as a human experience or system of meaning in which the anthropologist must involve himself/herself in order to develop adequate explanations of what is being observed E. ALL OF THESE

a. 10,000 years b. 700 years C. 150 YEARS d. 50 years e. 30 years Feedback

a. ethnographic resource management B. CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT c. cultural resource administration d. cultural area management e. cultural resource excavation

a. Linguistic B. PHYSICAL c. Forensic d. Applied e. Ethnographer

A. FOOD FORAGERS SPEND LESS TIME ON HOUSEHOLD TASKS THAN WESTERNERS DO b. food foragers spend more time on household tasks than Westerners do c. Westerners spend the least amount of time on household tasks as compared with other societies d. there are no differences in the amount of time spent on household tasks between food foragers and industrialized Western societies e. food foragers do not do housework

A. DEVELOPMENT OF INTEREST IN HUMAN DIFFERENCES b. technological change c. increasing numbers of non-Western peoples have become anthropologists d. colonialism e. globalization

a. the brain B. LANGUAGE c. genes d. cuneiform e. Esperanto

a. Germans b. Navajo C. INUIT d. Zuni e. Kwakiutl Feedback

a. it was the first science to study human beings B. IT SYNTHESIZES DATA FROM MANY FIELDS IN AN EFFORT TO DESCRIBE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AS A WHOLE c. it has greater attention to details d. it requires a longer period of training e. it focuses primarily on contemporary Western societies

a. ethnologies b. ethnobotanies c. biologies D. ENTHNO GRAPHIES e. anthropologies

a. molecular anthropologists b. archaeologists c. forensic anthropologists d. ethnohistorians E. PALEOANTHROPOLOGISTS

a. is usually associated with the study of wealthy elites b. is usually associated with the study of North American society c. is usually associated with the study of non-Western peoples d. can be applied, with useful results, to the study of North American peoples E. IS USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE STUDY OF NON-WESTERN PEOPLE AND CAN BE APPLIED WITH USEFUL RESULTS TO THE STUDY OF NORT AMERICAN PEOPLES

a. archaeologists b. linguistic anthropologists c. biologists D. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS e. forensic anthropologists

A. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY b. ethnology c. ethnography d. ethnolinguistics e. ethnography of speaking

a. the study of Western culture primarily through the analysis of its folklore B. THE STUDY OF HUMANKIND EVERYWHERE, THROUGHOUT TIME c. the study of nonhuman primates through an analysis of their myth and folklore d. the study of the species Homo sapiens by analyzing its biological but not its cultural dimensions e. the analysis of humankind from the subjective perspective of one group

a. scientific B. HUMANISTIC c. radical d. conservative e. systematic

a. Sheilagh Brooks b. Bernardo Arriaza c. Jennifer Thompson D. CLYDE C. SNOW e. none of these

a. the filament was broken b. the power to the building was off c. it was not screwed in tightly d. it was poorly made E. ALL OF THESE

a. Julius Caesar b. General George A. Custer c. Adolf Hitler d. Josef Mengele E. GENERAL GEORGE A. CUSTER AND JOSEF MENGELE

a. Ethnology b. Paleoanthropology C. FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY d. Archaeology e. Medical anthropology

A. HOLISTIC b. ethnological c. sociocultural d. sociological e. culture-bound Feedback

a. studies female behavior b. studies cultures of the past C. DEVELOPS A SCIENCE OF CULTRE BY COMPARING MANY SPECIFIC CULTURES d. studies primitive cultures e. studies urban-industrial societies

a. ethnography b. biography C. ETHNOLOGY d. ethnohistory e. ethnoarchaeology

A. 1954 / BOSTON b. 1975 / Las Vegas c. 1964 / Los Angeles d. 1983 / New York e. 1995 / Chicago Feedback

A. FRANZ BOAS b. Matilda Coxe Stevenson c. William Haviland d. Stephen Jay Gould e. Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala

A. POTENTIAL ARCHAELOGICAL SITES b. the remains of murder victims c. missing persons d. people who have died in disasters e. victims of genocide Feedback

a. ethnohistory B. APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY c. linguistic anthropology d. ethnography e. physical anthropology

a. the United States b. Kenya C. SOUTH AFRICA d. Rwanda e. Liberia

a. a way to ensure mental well-being b. sensitivity to the needs for balance between the individual and the community c. culturally appropriate health care D. THE LATEST TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN DISEASE TREATMENT e. health care tailored to meet the needs of the patient

A. ETHNOGRAPHY b. biography c. ethnology d. ethnohistory e. ethnoarchaeology

a. It is performed more frequently in Japan because they have developed a more efficient harvesting system. B. IT IS RARELY PERFORMED IN JAPAN BECAUSE THEY DO NOT INCORPORATE A MIND-BODY SEPERATION c. It is performed more frequently in the U.S. because there is no belief in a mind-body separation. d. It is rarely performed in the U.S. because the cultural system does not endorse the idea of anonymous "gifts." e. The perception of organ transplantation does not differ significantly between the U.S. and Japan.

a. culture-bound theories b. a set of scientific facts c. a clear understanding of the advantages of adaptation d. a broad hypothesis about human behavior E. AN EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORK

a. decreases in the length of infant feeding B. PREVENTION OF EARLY OVULATION AFTER CHILDBIRTH c. increase in physical abuse of child d. increases in crying e. decreases in physical stimulation

a. Learning about a culture by finding out which objects or events are associated with a large vocabulary B. RECONSTRUCTING THE EVOLUTION OF THE BIG TOE TO FIND OUT AT WHAT TIME HUMANS BEGAN TO WALK UPRIGHT c. Comparing languages to see which ones can be traced back to a single unifying language d. Describing how, in a particular language, sounds are combined to form words, and how words are combined to form sentences e. all of these (that is, a linguistic anthropologist would not be interested in any of these research projects)

a. library research b. research within the confines of a laboratory C. FIELDWORK d. surveys e. well-developed questionnaires

a. cultural anthropology B. MOLECULAR ANTHROPLOGY c. physical anthropology d. archaeology e. linguistics

a. archaeology b. linguistics C. BIOLOGY d. ethnology e. physical anthropology

a. destroying particular cultures to improve them B. CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS c. descriptions of nonhuman societies d. promoting Western ways e. teaching food foragers how to use time-saving gadgets

a. monkeys b. tarsiers c. lorises d. lemurs E. ALL OF THE OTHER ANSWERS ARE PRIMATES

a. no one claimed to use hair coloring but many empty packages of hair dye were found in the trash b. people claimed to take vitamins daily but the number of empty vitamin bottles did not support this claim c. women who said they bought no new clothes in the last month in fact had discarded tags and sales slips from clothing stores in their trash d. no one said they drank Scotch, but several empty Johnny Walker bottles were found in the trash E. THE AMOUNT OF BEER CONSUMED, ACCORDING TO EMPTY CANS IN THE TRASH, WAS FAR HIGHER THAN PEOPLE CLAIMED

Among the Kapauku Papuans of New Guinea, the fact that an attempt to eliminate warfare (which would create a balanced sex ratio) would affect the practice of polygyny, which would affect the economy (since women raise pigs, and the more wives a man has the more pigs he can keep), shows that culture is ____. a. materialistic b. relative c. pluralistic D. INTEGRATED e. enculturated Cross-cultural studies show that homicide rates mostly decline following ____. a. eradication of culture b. the institutionalization of a death penalty c. the partial implementation of a death penalty D. THE ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY e. the addition of a death penalty The ____ of culture is/are what a culture must do to satisfy basic needs of its members. A. FUNCTIONS b. motivations c. enculturations d. integration e. relativism A sign, sound, emblem, or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way is called ____. a. a myth B. A SYMBOL c. an omen d. a subculture e. an ethnic group Goldschmidt suggests that it is possible to decide which cultures are more successful than others by looking at ____. a. which ones survive b. which ones last the longest C. WHICH ONES SATISFY THE PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE d. which ones support the most people e. which ones are the least emotional Feedback Behavior can be adaptive in the short run but maladaptive in the long run. In the Central Valley in California, vast irrigation projects have created a garden, but salts and chemicals accumulating in the soil will eventually create another desert. This same process occurred in ____. a. Mexico b. Morocco C. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA d. Great Britain e. the Yellow River valley of China We now know that any culture that is functioning adequately regards itself as the best, a view reflecting a phenomenon known as ____. a. cultural relativism b. egoism c. nationalism D. ETHNOCENTRISM e. individualism Which of the following illustrates the fact that culture is learned rather than biologically inherited? a. Nonhuman animals eat and drink when they have the urge. b. Humans have a biological drive to eat and drink. C. HUMAN SOCIETIES DIFFER IN WHETHER THEIR MEMBERS EAR FIVE MEALS A DAY OR ONLY ONE, AND WHAT TYPES OF FOOD AND DRINK ARE CONSIDERED APPROPRIATE OR TABOO d. Humans living in desert environments require about two gallons of liquid a day to maintain constant body temperature. e. Humans have to learn how to kiss; kissing is not biologically programmed. The process by which organisms adjust beneficially to their environment, or the characteristics by which they overcome hazards and gain access to the resources they need to survive, is called ____. a. culture b. biology c. social structure d. integration E. ADAPTATION In regards to the concept of cultural relativism, anthropologist ____ emphasized that "...one does not avoid making judgments, but rather postpones them in order to make informed judgments later." A. DAVID MAYBURY-LEWIS b. Daniel Day-Lewis c. Francis L.K. Shu d. E.E. Evans-Pritchard e. A.F.C. Wallace Analyses of human skeletal remains from the Maya city of Tikal reveal that, on average, ____. a. taller individuals were usually of a lower social class than shorter individuals b. females interred in less elaborate graves were taller than those in higher class burials c. males and females were the same height, regardless of class differences d. males interred in less elaborate graves were taller than those from simple graves E. MALES INTERRED IN MORE ELABORATE GRAVES WERE TALLER THAN THOSE FROM SIMPLE GRAVES Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. A society is a union of individuals. b. Human survival depends on individuals being able to cooperate. c. Individual needs must be sufficiently satisfied to avoid the disruptive consequences of frustration. d. Unregulated self-gratification can destroy a society. E. ALL OF THE OTHER ANSWERS ARE CORRECT Cultures must strike a balance between ____. a. functions and structures b. society and subculture c. families' kinship and individuality D. INDIVIDUAL'S NEEDS AND DESIRES AND THOSE OF SOCIETY e. environment and geography

Globalization has given rise to a new form of research and analysis known as ____. a. diasporic anthropology b. culture-at-a-distance studies c. national character studies d. advocacy anthropology E. multi-sited ethnography In order to minimize the impact of subjectivity, the anthropologist should consider all of the following except ____. a. how people think they really behave b. the people's ideal sense of how a society should be run c. what the anthropologist actually sees happening D. what the anthropologist observes in his/her own culture Correct e. none of the other answers National character studies were most popular during ____. a. the Spanish-American War b. World War I C. World War II Correct d. the Vietnam War e. the Iraq War Lincoln Keiser was treated with great disdain and suspicion in his fieldsite in ____ because of his study focus on feuding. a. Myanmar b. China c. India D. Pakistan Correct e. Burma Laura Nader has called on anthropologists to "study up." What does she mean by this term? a. Anthropologists should study high altitude peoples and cultures in order to understand adaptation. b. Anthropologists should people of a higher class than themselves. C. Anthropologists should study the elites of a society and not only the common people. Correct d. Anthropologists should intensify their studies and become more involved in advocacy anthropology. e. none of the other answers Research that is community-based and politically involved is called ____. A. advocacy anthropology Correct b. urgent anthropology c. representative anthropology d. action anthropology e. peasant anthropology Why were there differences between the original field research of Malinowski and that of Weiner some sixty years later? a. differences in field methodology b. different theoretical interests c. changes over time d. differences in researchers' genders E. all of these Correct Why is validation in ethnographic research so difficult? a. observational access is often limited b. there may be insufficient funding for the research c. there may be logistical difficulties in reaching the site d. there may be problems in obtaining permission to do the study E. all of the other answers Correct Between 4,000 and 9,000 years ago the human population in the Middle East increased ____. a. ten-fold b. twenty-fold c. fifty-fold D. sixty-fold Correct e. none of these Individuals who live and work far from their original homelands form part of a growing population that is classified as ____. a. international b. multinational c. migratory d. contemporary E. diasporic Correct What is GPS? a. a free government mapping service b. cartographic digital technology C. a satellite device that allows for precise measuring d. a map based on the key consultants' information e. both a free government mapping service and cartographic digital technology Most anthropologists face ____. a. mental challenges in the field b. physical challenges in the field c. physical harm in the field d. all of the other answers E. both mental and physical challenges in the field Anthropologists advise that ____. a. it is best to do your first fieldwork as part of a team of researchers, some of them experienced b. it is best to do your first fieldwork in your own culture so that you become experienced C. it is best to do your first fieldwork in a culture other than your own Correct d. it is best to work in societies that are different from your own but now located very far away from where you live e. it is best to study peasants as part of your first fieldwork experience A formal, recorded agreement to participate in research is called ____. a. informed consensus B. informed consent Correct c. informal consent d. informal consensus e. a research agreement The Ayoreo Indians, deeply affected by forces of acculturation, are found in modern-day ____. a. Colombia B. Bolivia Correct c. Ecuador d. Mexico e. Philippines

Although human beings always have been interested in other human beings, anthropology first began to emerge as a formal discipline during ____. Select one: a. globalization b. industrialism C. colonialism Correct d. colonization e. exploration If an anthropologists works to help indigenous peoples hold onto their ancestral lands, the anthropologist is called a(n) ____. Select one: A. advocate Correct b. guerilla c. representative d. mentor e. lobbyist The primary method in the anthropologist's toolkit, regardless of the time period, has always been ____. Select one: a. mapping B. participant observation Correct c. random sampling d. formal interviews e. mentoring The Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) is ____. Select one: A. an ethnographic and archaeological database b. an archaeological database c. an ethnographic database d. a linguistic database e. none of the other answers The ethical obligation to self-monitor while doing ethnographic research (constantly checking and re-checking personal or cultural biases) is called ____. Select one: a. rationality b. reading c. reflection D. reflexivity Correct e. none of these Personal life histories are examples of ____. Select one: A. qualitative data Correct b. quantitative data c. key data d. quantum cultural data e. archival data Which anthropologist was the first to carry out an advocacy project within a North American Indian community? Select one: a. Julian Steward b. Bronislaw Malinowski c. Margaret Mead D. Sol Tax e. Franz Boas Feedback Margaret Mead argued that ethnographers should make much more effective use of ____. Select one: A. photography Correct b. mapping c. interviews d. participant observation e. collecting material artifacts Which of the following anthropologists was involved in the creation of "culture-at-a-distance" studies? Select one: a. Edward Tylor b. William Haviland c. Clifford Geertz d. Ruth Mead E. Ruth Benedict Correct In her fieldsite, because of political unrest, June Nash was accused of ____. Select one: a. stealing B. being a CIA agent Correct c. being a Bolivian spy d. slander e. none of the other answers The two main scholarly components of Cultural Anthropology are ____. Select one: a. ethnography and ethnohistory B. ethnography and ethnology Correct c. ethnology and ethnohistory d. ethnohistory and ethnoarchaeology e. linguistics and ethnography Anthropology has sought directly to do each of the following except ____. Select one: a. document the practice of culture B. impose a Western and modern approach to life Correct c. document disappearing cultural practices d. reconstruct traditional ways of life e. educate its audience on the importance of culture Both William Crocker and Richard Lee were ____. Select one: A. adopted into networks of kinship at their fieldsites Correct b. awarded the honor of outstanding fieldworkers by the anthropological association c. considered master fieldworkers by quantitative researchers d. pioneers in the development of field photography e. all of the other answers Marvin Harris argues that pork was not generally raised in the Middle East historically because ____. Select one: a. it was considered sinful in all Middle Eastern religions b. some Middle eastern societies owned all of the land and prevented pig-raising c. no ethnic group in the Middle East would eat pork D. pig-raising threatened the natural ecosystem Correct e. pig-raising was economically inefficient in such a humid environment Marxism, neo-evolutionism, and cultural ecology are all considered to be ____ approaches. Select one: a. ecological b. political c. substantivist d. idealist E. materialist Correct

Which of the following is not an example of linguistic nationalism? Select one: A. You are a Spanish speaking person in the U.S., but want your children to use English so they will fit in more easily with the surrounding society. Correct b. A national committee in France declares that certain widely used terms will no longer be allowed to appear in public print because they are not French. c. You live in Scotland and are so alarmed by the rapid decline in the number of people speaking Gaelic that you start a school in which all subjects are taught in Gaelic. d. The southern part of India declares itself a separate country called Tamiland (the land of the people who speak Tamil) in defiance of India's declaration of Hindi as the national language; people who speak Tamil) in defiance of India's declaration of Hindi as the national language; people say they will die in defense of their mother tongue." e. A country previously colonized by the British passes a law requiring everyone to speak the native tongue; English is banned because of its association with colonial domination. Admiration for a new and clever phrase; the development of a specialized vocabulary to distinguish a professional group; the efforts of the members of the upper class to distinguish themselves from the lower classes by maintaining a distinct mode of pronunciation--all of these may contribute to ____. Select one: A. linguistic divergence Correct b. vocal segregation c. substitution frames d. core vocabulary e. a Whorfian hypothesis Edward Hall designated four categories of proxemically relevant spaces. Which of the following is incorrect? Select one: a. intimate (0-18 inches) b. social-consultive (4-12 feet) C. conventional (7-10 feet) Correct d. public distance (12 feet and beyond) e. personal-casual (1.5 - 4 feet) The modern scientific study of all aspects of language is ____. Select one: a. kinetics b. phonology C. linguistics Correct d. grammar e. glottochronology Punching the palm of the hand for emphasis, raising the head and brows when asking a question, or using the hands to illustrate what is being discussed are forms of ____ messages that accompany spoken messages. Select one: a. hidden b. unconscious c. obvious d. colorful E. gestural The systematic identification and description of the distinctive speech sounds in a language is called ____. Select one: a. linguistics b. morphology c. substitution frames D. phonetics Correct e. syntax Which of the following would be an acceptable research topic in the field of historical linguistics? Select one: A. whether or not the speakers of Apache and Navajo once spoke a common language. Correct b. whether or not Apache and Navajo speakers use the same body language to signal gender differences c. whether or not Apache and Navajo speakers organize their languages using the same syntactical structures d. all the features of a given language as it is spoken at a particular point in time e. frame substitution to investigate the syntax of a particular language ____ refers to the study of the structure and use of language as it relates to its cultural setting. Select one: a. Descriptive linguistics B. Ethnolinguistics Correct c. Historical linguistics d. Kinesics e. Code switching Consider the English word "dog." Which of the following is a morpheme? Select one: a. "d" B. "dog" Correct c. "o" d. "g" e. All of the other answers The American anthropologist Edward Sapir had formulated the problem and his student, Benjamin Whorf, drawing on his experience with the language of the Hopi Indians, developed a full-fledged theory now known as the theory of ____. Select one: a. cultural relativity B. linguistic determinism Correct c. code switching d. linguistic nationalism e. phenomenology The roots of linguistics, the modern scientific study of language, go back a long way to the works of ancient grammarians in ____, more than two thousand years ago. Select one: A. India Correct b. Greece c. Egypt d. Mesopotamia e. Persia The study of language sounds is called ____. Select one: a. phonetics B. phonology Correct c. syntax d. morphology e. substitution frames Approximately how many adults worldwide cannot read or write? Select one: a. 100 million b. 300 million c. 750 million D. more than 800 million Correct e. 1 billion The smallest class of sound that makes a difference in meaning is a(n) ____. Select one: a. allophone b. morpheme c. allomorph D. phoneme Correct e. free morpheme Which of the following statements about kinesics is correct? Select one: a. Kinesics refers to the system of extralinguistic noises that accompany spoken language. b. Kinesic research has demonstrated that gender signals communicated through posture are biologically based rather than learned. C. Cross-cultural research indicates that the body language used when people are greeting each other is similar all over the world. Correct d. All cultures have the same gestures for "yes" and "no." e. All of the other answers are correct. Paralanguage includes not only the way that people say things but also a variety of extralinguistic noises called ____. Select one: a. phonemes b. kinesics C. vocalizations Correct d. substitution frames e. syntax

Edward Hall articulated aspects of nonverbal communication in his 1959 book ____, now recognized as the founding document for the field of intercultural communication. Select one: a. Kinesics and Context b. Language, Thought and Reality C. The Silent Language Correct d. Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution e. A Practical Introduction to Phonetics In France, a committee exists which has the job of eliminating subversive foreign influences in the form of words borrowed from other languages. English is a major offender (as in le bluejeans or le hamburger). This is an example of ____. Select one: a. French close mindedness b. linguistic parochialism C. linguistic nationalism Correct d. ethnolinguistics e. core vocabulary UNESCO declared the period from 2003 to 2012 as the ____ Decade. Select one: a. Technology b. Communication c. Paralanguage d. Illiteracy E. Literacy Correct The uniquely patterned sounds of a particular language are called ____. Select one: a. kinesics b. linguistic determinism C. speech Correct d. paralanguage e. vocal qualifiers ____ is the cross-cultural study of humankind's perception and use of space. Select one: a. Kinesics B. Proxemics Correct c. Phonetics d. Ethnography e. Ethnology The entire formal structure of a language consisting of all observations about its meaningful units of sounds and the rules or principles of making phrases and sentences is called its ____. Select one: a. syntax b. form classes c. morphology d. phonology E. grammar Correct Which of the following is not a branch of the science of linguistics? Select one: A. Ethnology Correct b. Descriptive c. Historical d. Social e. All of the other answers are branches of linguistics. All ____, as systems of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules, are organized on the same basic plan. Select one: A. languages Correct b. symbols c. signals d. phonetics e. core vocabulary While the phonologist is making an inventory of permissible sounds in a language, the ____ is deciphering the groups or combinations of sounds that have meaning, or that are actually used to convey information. Select one: a. phoneticist b. linguist C. morphologist Correct d. grammaticist e. glottochronologist Which of the following are of greatest importance in human speech? Select one: a. mouth palate and trachea b. epiglottis and mouth palate c. trachea and larynx d. epiglottis and trachea E. larynx and epiglottis Correct In the 1930's and 40s, Edward Sapir and ____ investigated the idea that language, by providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see the world in a certain way. Select one: a. Leslie White b. Franz Boas C. Benjamin Lee Whorf Correct d. Peter Woolfson e. Bill Haviland ____ linguistics is concerned with the study of relationships between earlier and later forms of a language, antecedents (in older languages) of developments in modern languages, and relationships among older languages. Select one: a. Extra- b. Descriptive c. Socio- D. Historical Correct e. Para- A Scottish butler in an English mansion says to the lady of the house, "You may wish to stay inside today, Madam; it's quite cold outside." But when he goes back to his own cottage he is likely to say to his wife in broad Scots, "Shut the door and get inside, Maggie, you'll freeze your buns off." In linguistics this is an example of ____. Select one: A. code switching Correct b. class consciousness c. glottochronology d. phonological analysis e. Whorfian hypothesis The influence of a person's class status on what pronunciation he/she uses; a speaker's choice of more complicated vocabulary and grammar when he/she is speaking to a professional audience; the influence of language on culture--all these are the concerns of ____. Select one: a. descriptive linguistics b. historical linguistics C. ethnolinguistics Correct d. linguistic nationalism e. displacement

____ orientation includes standards that indicate what ranges of behavior are acceptable for males and females in a particular society. Select one: a. Spatial b. Temporal C. Normative Correct d. Object e. Gender The core values of ____ culture promote the integration of the individual into a larger group. Select one: a. Scandinavian b. Filipino c. Jewish D. Chinese Correct e. Anglo-American Dependence training is more likely in ____. Select one: a. nuclear families b. societies whose subsistence is based on pastoralism c. a food foraging society D. extended families in societies whose economy is based on subsistence farming Correct e. industrial societies Feedback Early studies of the relationship between personality and culture had assumed that they were essentially the same; culture stamped out identical personalities like cars off an assembly line. A more statistical concept of psychological traits in a society is the concept of a ____. Select one: a. basic personality structure B. modal personality Correct c. Rorschach d. national character e. configuration Enculturation begins with the development of self-awareness, which may be defined as ____. Select one: a. the ability to assume roles B. the ability to identify oneself as an object, to react to oneself, and to appraise oneself Correct c. the process by which the self adapts to a particular environment d. the process by which an individual identifies right and wrong e. the belief that one has lived a previous life Child-rearing practices that foster compliance on the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on the family, rather than reliance on oneself, are called ____. Select one: A. dependence training Correct b. independence training c. enculturation d. patterns of affect e. core values An ethnic psychosis refers to ____. Select one: a. a psychotic episode experienced by a person from an exotic culture b. a progressive disease which strikes anthropologists when they spend more than twelve months in the field C. a psychosis characterized by symptoms peculiar to a particular group Correct d. a universal form of mental illness e. a biologically based disease that resembles schizophrenia Biomedicine is the predominant medical system found in ____. Select one: a. Hindu cultures b. Native American societies c. indigenous societies d. Asia, Africa, and Latin America E. Europe and North America Correct Which of the following is not a culture-bound mental illness? Select one: a. windigo b. amok c. anorexia nervosa D. sadhu Correct e. koro What anthropologist studied cultures as "collective projections of the personality of those who created it"? Select one: a. Margaret Mead b. R.K. Williamson c. Franz Boas d. Francis Hsu E. Ruth Benedict Correct Which of the following statements about the concept of tabula rasa is incorrect? Select one: A. The concept expresses the idea that adult personalities are formed largely by their biological inheritance. Correct b. The concept was formulated by John Locke in the late 17th century. c. The textbook disagrees with the concept, saying that it ignores the influences of unique inherited tendencies which contribute to the formation of personality. d. The textbook recognizes the contributions of the concept in its emphasis on the importance of life experiences in shaping personality. e. The concept reflects the idea that it is important to look at the influence of culture on the development of personality. The assumptions involved in the concept of enculturation may be traced to and illuminated by an understanding of the concept of tabula rasa, a term which ____. Select one: a. means racial tablet b. means blank slate c. was used by the philosopher John Locke d. was used as a metaphor for the newborn infant who gets written on by experience E. all of the other answers except means racial tablet The core value to which European-Americans subscribe is, according to Francis Hsu, ____. Select one: a. cooperation b. dependence c. generosity in sharing D. rugged individualism Correct e. the development of self, rather than the accumulation of things The agents of enculturation ____. Select one: a. are persons involved in transmitting culture to the next generation b. are at first the members of the family into which the child is born c. vary, depending on the structure of the family into which a child is born d. include peer groups and school teachers E. all of the other answers Correct A study of child-rearing among the Ju/'hoansi of Africa indicates that ____. Select one: A. boys and girls are raised in a very similar manner and are both mild-mannered and self-reliant Correct b. because girls are out gathering most of the time, they are expected to be more aggressive and self-reliant than boys are c. mothers spend the least amount of time with their children, and thus the children identify strongly with their fathers d. boys do more work than girls e. boys have less responsibility than girls and get to play more of the time The ____ do not consider an infant truly "human" until they have given it a name. Select one: a. Icelanders B. Aymara Indians Correct c. Hopi d. Netsilik Inuit e. Iroquois Indians

____ is the distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. Select one: a. Effectivity b. Individuality c. Emotionality D. Personality Correct e. Temperamental Studies of ____ were developed during World War II to explore the idea that basic personality traits were shared by most of the people in modern nations. Select one: a. modal personality B. national character Correct c. stereotype d. group personality e. independence training In studying three societies in New Guinea, Margaret Mead found that the roles played by men and women were determined primarily by ____. Select one: a. genes b. biology C. culture Correct d. incest e. the food they ate A book by Margaret Mead called Coming of Age in Samoa, published in 1928, ____. Select one: a. suggested that adolescent turmoil was due more to biological development than to cultural training b. stimulated interest in anthropology c. suggested that adolescent turmoil was due more to cultural training than to universal biological development d. was a deliberate test of a Western psychological hypothesis E. all of the other answers EXCEPT suggested that adolescent turmoil was due more to biological development than to cultural training Correct What does R.K. Williamson mean by the difference between the "blessed gift" and "the curse"? Select one: a. These are two different approaches to the formation of childhood personality. b. This is the Native American view of menstruation and childbirth. c. This is the responsibility to be a shaman upon reaching adulthood. D. These are two different cultural perspectives of intersexuality. Correct e. They are two different perspectives of homosexual behavior. One of the "founding mothers" of anthropology is ____. Select one: a. Nancy Scheper-Hughes b. Catherine Bateson c. Mary Douglas d. Annette Weiner E. Ruth Benedict Correct An individual's personality ____. Select one: a. is a product of enculturation b. is influenced by an individual's genetic makeup c. is a kind of cognitive map functioning throughout an individual's lifetime d. is an integrated, dynamic system of perceptual assemblages, which includes the self and its behavioral environment, that develops over time E. all of the other answers Correct In Western countries a culture-bound psychological disorder known as ____ occurs most frequently among young women in which a preoccupation with thinness produces a refusal to eat. Select one: a. pibloktoq b. amok C. anorexia nervosa Correct d. bulumia e. latah The personality typical of a society, as indicated by the central tendency of a defined frequency distribution, is called, ____. Select one: a. a core value b. a nuclear personality c. a pattern of affect d. culture and personality E. a modal personality Correct The Windigo of the Ojibwa can be used as an example of ____. Select one: a. paranoid schizophrenia b. uncontrolled flatulence c. an ethnic psychosis d. disorder being expressed in ways compatible with traditional Ojibwa culture E. all of the other answers except uncontrolled flatulence Ideal personality traits among ____ men would include being fierce, belligerent, and flamboyant. Select one: a. Arapesh b. Ju/'hoansi c. Cherokee d. Penobscot E. Yanomami Correct In North American society self-awareness does not occur until about ____ years of age. Select one: A. 2 Correct b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 5 A sadhu is a ____. Select one: a. kind of mental illness B. Hindu ascetic monk Correct c. Native American "two-spirit" d. fierce Yanomamo warrior e. psychosomatic disorder The term "core values" refers to ____. Select one: a. those aspects of culture that pertain to the way a culture makes its living b. rules that guide family and home life C. those values which are emphasized by a particular culture Correct d. common shares in Apple Corporation e. the values of the 1960s counter culture movement Among the Yanomami, ____. Select one: a. all men are fierce and warlike b. all men are quiet and retiring C. there is a range of personalities d. a quiet, retiring Yanomami would not survive e. a fierce and warlike Yanomami would not survive The ____ includes definitions and explanations of objects, spatial orientation, and temporal orientation, as well as culturally defined values, ideals, and standards that provide an individual with a normative orientation. Select one: a. vital self b. tabula rasa C. behavioral environment Correct d. patterns of affect e. core values

c. their mobility and type of technology limits the accumulation of surplus possessions

e. effective cultural adaptation

a. carrying capacity

b. ecosystem / culture

c. Culture change was entirely absent from the culture of Native American Indians in northwestern New England and southern Quebec between 3500 B.C. and the 17th century A.D.; their culture was static.

b. parallel evolution

b. achiote

b. convergent

b. egalitarianism

a. permanent settlements

d. swidden farming

c. progress

d. all of the other answers

a. 25

they work an average of 20 hours a week for a comfortable, healthy life

both live in areas that are marginal, that is, in areas where land is not suitable for farming

e. fewer than 100

c. 10,000 / Southwest Asia

a. food foraging

d. 30

b. adaptation

a. density of social relations

e. bananas

b. aggressive behavior

e. culture areas

b. agriculturalist

c. food-foraging

b. prolonged nursing of infants

d. They rely on the generosity of others to share food.

e. male

c. Carrying capacity

b. rice, yam, taro

e. All of the other answers describe the culture area of the Great Plains.

e. all of the other answers

c. Women are naturally attracted to gathering plant food.

a. early adulthood

c. maize, beans, squash

d. Brazil

c. convergent evolution

c. They are primitive because they did not progress to a higher level.

b. an extensive form of horticulture

d. Gordon Childe

d. Ann Kendall

b. the only status differences are age and sex

c. Adaptation

c. horticulture

b. Hindus of southern Asia

a. men and women are different, but one is not ranked higher than the other

c. culture core

a. British

a. land is defined as a territory with usable resources and flexible boundaries that belongs to a band that has occupied it for a long time

b. negative

b. involves the expectation of a specific and immediate exchange

b. mining salt

b. the buying and selling of goods and services whose value is determined by supply and demand

c. elderly people are a valuable source of knowledge and wisdom

e. none of the other answers

a. in all societies

a. generalized reciprocity

a. household

d. chocolate

e. distributing

c. 250

c. chocolate

e. their late teens

b. Jomo Kenyatta

c. a centralized system of political organization

e. informal market

e. all but accumulate wealth in the hands of an upper class elite

b. Because anthropologists are intimately involved in the lives of the people they study, they can be recruited by the American government to spy on local insurgents and trouble-makers for big business.

is a circular trade route along which various goods flow

e. none of the other answers

b. balanced reciprocity

b. to gain prestige by giving yams away to his sister's husbands

c. balanced

d. some sort of complex division of labor as well as a centralized political organization

c. Ju/'hoansi

e. money

d. a leveling mechanism

b. "I gave the land to my brother's son, who distributed it among his sons, for which they pay me ten days work a year. When the eldest son died, I gave his land to my cousin, who needs more land for his growing family."

b. redistribution

e. all but labor unions

d. Societies in which both males and females do each others' work without embarrassment AND societies in which males and females have their own separate jobs, but the jobs are considered complementary and equally important.

c. negative reciprocity

c. balanced

a. mobile food foragers and pastoralists

a. land is defined as a territory with usable resources and flexible boundaries that belongs to a band that has occupied it for a long time

b. cooperative work is usually done with a festive, sociable air

c. are found in communities where property must not be allowed to threaten an egalitarian social order

e. formaldehyde

a. economic

d. it is a literal marketplace, where actual goods are exchanged

c. for the purpose of maintaining social relationships and gaining prestige

a. Inca empire in Peru

b. a single individual

c. Bronislaw Malinowski

d. redistribution

b. conspicuous consumption

c. a leveling mechanism