Test on Exam 1 – Flashcards
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Conflict
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a serious disagreement or an argument; It can be between the protagonist and the antagonist, between the protagonist and nature, or between the protagonist and societyCan also be internal - between a character and himself
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Evolution
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changes in populations over time
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Biocultural Approach
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Interaction between culture & biologyex: sex drive- how we deal withsocial structure- infantspopulation growth- birth control
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Holistic
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uses info from all subfeilds to draw conclusions & attempt to answer questions
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Adaptation
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change in response to enviromental changes.*adaptations can be enviromentally specific
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Adaptation Types:
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1. Cultural ex: technology2. Biological-physiological: sweating-genetic: skin color
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subfeilds of anthroplogy (4)
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1.Cultural-study of human culture2.Linguistic- study of language3.Archaeology- study past cultures4. Physical/Biological- study of humans & closest relatives
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Ethenography
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study of a specific culture
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Ethnology
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comparative study of many cultures
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Sociolingustics
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why do people speak differently?
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areas of study within physical anthroplogy
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1.Human variation2.Growth & Development3.Osteology- study of human skeleton4.Primatology- study of non-human primates5.Paleoanthropology- study fossils
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Fact
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verifiable observale truth
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Theory
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a set of supported hypothoses
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Hypothosis
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a testable explaination for the observed facts
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Scientific Method
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Observe a fact -> construct a hypothosis -> test hypothosis
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Natural Selection
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Those traits deemed best "fit" over time become over-represented1.Physical & behavioral variation2.Excessive fecundity (competition)3.Advantageous traits4.Population will change over time
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Fixity of Species
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Scale of perfection, supreme being created earth in curent form
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Chain of Being/ Scalae Natura
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all forms of life can be ranked in order from the most important to the least important.
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Linnaeus
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"father of taxonomy"-system of classification by grouping together oraganisims with similar anatomical structures (systema naturae)*caused scientific revolution*beleived in fixity of nature
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Cuvier
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1.Catastrophism2.did not beleive species change but some catastrophe killed old life forms3.palenotologist
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Erasmus Darwin
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1.all life derived from a single ancestor2.orgnisims change to fit the enviroment
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Lamarck
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1.1st to try to explain evolution2.realized species can change
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Lyell
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1.Prinicples of Geology2.Uniformitarianism- earth must be millions of years old, & is constantly changing over slow, gradual time.
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Charles Darwin
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1.Orogins of Species, impacted by Lyell.2.evolution via natural selection3.reproductive success->if heritable->natural selection->evolution
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Malthus
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Excessive Fecundity-reproduce faster then food source
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Wallace
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corrospondent to Darwin who came up with the same theory.
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Reproductive Sucess (Fitness)
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measure of the number of suriving offspring an organism has.
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Seletive Pressures
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enviromental changes causing a population to evolve
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Observed Examples of Evolution
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1. industrialazation & moth color2. housefly resistance to DDT.
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Directional Selection
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"fitness" shifts in one direction or another.
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Stabalizing Selection
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narrower curve, natural selectionis working against the extremes
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Diversifying Selection
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working against the average, two "humps"
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Founder Effect
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"population Bottlenecking" surviving populations genes get passed
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Mutation
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having more/less of the diploid/haploid #, random alteration of genes, occurs in gametes
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Natural Slection
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works off variation
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Hardy-Wineburg equilibrium
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If one assumption is broken it shows where to look1.mating is random2.no mutation3.no natural selection4.no migration5.large populations
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Microevolution
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changes from on generation to the next
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Macroevolution
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can change radically over long period of time
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gene flow
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exchange of genes between populations
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genetic drift
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population split
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misconceptions about evolution
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bigger not necessarily better
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preformation
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every sperm had a tiny human to be implanted in womb to grow
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blending
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offspring is an average of the parents
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Pangenesis
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Darwin, gemmules floating in your body effected by you then passes on to sex cells
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Mendel
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preist, studied inheratence w/ a pea plant
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Parental generation (P1)
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cross pollinate TRUE BREEDING
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First filial generation (F1)
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hybrids, observed trait is dominant
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Second filial generation (F2)
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always 3:1, recessive phenyotype shows up
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Phenotype
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external: physical trait that we can see
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genotype
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internal: genetic makeup for a particular trait, genotype effects pheynotype & vice versa
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Priniple of Segregation
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when a sex cell is formed whatever allels you have only one is passed.
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principles of independent assortment
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each trait is inherated independently, can have recessive & dominant
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Homozygous dominant (EE)
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2 dominant allels
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heterozygous (Ee)
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1 dominant, 1 recessive
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homozygous recessive (ee)
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2 recessive allels
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dominant traits
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anchondroplasia, btachydatyly, neurofibromatosis, marfan syndrome
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recessive traits
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cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs disease, PKU, albinism
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Menedel Patterns of inheratence
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pedigree-family trees
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Autosomal traits
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dominant- passed evenly between a man & a women (heterozygotes)recessive- homozygous recessive
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Sex-Linked traits
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affects only X chromosone
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polygenic inheretance
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many genes effect just one
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Pleiotropy
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one genes effects multiple phenotypes
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Founder Effect
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"population Bottlenecking" surviving populations genes get passed
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Mutation
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having more/less of the diploid/haploid #, random alteration of genes, occurs in gametes
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Natural Slection
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works off variation
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Hardy-Wineburg equilibrium
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If one assumption is broken it shows where to look1.mating is random2.no mutation3.no natural selection4.no migration5.large populations
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Microevolution
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changes from on generation to the next
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Macroevolution
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can change radically over long period of time
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gene flow
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exchange of genes between populations
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genetic drift
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population split
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misconceptions about evolution
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bigger not necessarily better
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preformation
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every sperm had a tiny human to be implanted in womb to grow
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blending
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offspring is an average of the parents
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Pangenesis
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Darwin, gemmules floating in your body effected by you then passes on to sex cells
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Mendel
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preist, studied inheratence w/ a pea plant
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Parental generation (P1)
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cross pollinate TRUE BREEDING
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First filial generation (F1)
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hybrids, observed trait is dominant
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Second filial generation (F2)
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always 3:1, recessive phenyotype shows up
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Phenotype
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external: physical trait that we can see
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genotype
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internal: genetic makeup for a particular trait, genotype effects pheynotype & vice versa
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Priniple of Segregation
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when a sex cell is formed whatever allels you have only one is passed.
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principles of independent assortment
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each trait is inherated independently, can have recessive & dominant
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Homozygous dominant (EE)
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2 dominant allels
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heterozygous (Ee)
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1 dominant, 1 recessive
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homozygous recessive (ee)
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2 recessive allels
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dominant traits
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anchondroplasia, btachydatyly, neurofibromatosis, marfan syndrome
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recessive traits
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cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs disease, PKU, albinism
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Menedel Patterns of inheratence
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pedigree-family trees
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Autosomal traits
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dominant- passed evenly between a man & a women (heterozygotes)recessive- homozygous recessive
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Sex-Linked traits
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affects only X chromosone
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polygenic inheretance
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many genes effect just one
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Pleiotropy
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one genes effects multiple phenotypes
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Modifying Gene
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one gene alter another
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Regulatory gene
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turn on or off other genes
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Incomplete penetrance
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alelle not expressed depending on enviroment, genes for disease
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sex-limited traits
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expressed by one sex only
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locus
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place on chromosone where a specific gene occurs
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alleles
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set of instruction for a gene, sequence of nucleotides
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function of the bone
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1.protect/support2.blood cell production3.storage for fat4.store impotant elements
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lever system
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helped by ligaments & muscle
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types of joints
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1.synoviala.ball & socketb.hingec.saddle-shaped (thumb only)2.cartilaginous (between growth centers)3.fibrousa.cranial sutures
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Gross anatomy (shapes, types)
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1.tubular2.flat3.blocky-1.compact or cortical2.spongy or trabecular-perisostium (tissue to nourish bones)
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Molecular Structure
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1.collagen (protein)2.hydroxapatite (mineral, strength)
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Wolff's law (1869)
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bone remodeleing, gain where nedded, lost where uneeded
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Bone histology
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1.immature2.mature, laid down in layers
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Long Bone parts
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1.epiphyses/ends2.diaphysis/shaft3.metaphyses/flared ends
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osteoblasts
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make bone
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osteclasts
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remove bone
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bone repair
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1.hemotoma2.fibrous callus3.osteoblasts respond
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bilogical sex
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1.size/shape variation2,skull3.pelvis
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geographic or population based
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individual fetures, cranial variation,
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harris Lines
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evidence of health insult on bones
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Osteoarthritis
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arthritis in skeleton
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infectious diseases
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leave proof on bones sometimes, pus
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anemias
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coral lessions
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metabolic disorders
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-rickets
