EVR Chapter 6 (EXAM 2) – Flashcards

The human population is approximately ________. A) 10 billion B) 6.9 million C) 1.5 million D) 1.5 billion E) 7 billion

Which of the following best describes the human population from early times to the present? A) Slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then increasingly rapid growth B) Early rapid growth which has increased rapidly in the last 20 years C) Rapid, explosive growth throughout the period D) Slow, steady growth throughout the period E) Early rapid growth which has leveled off to a nearly constant rate in the last 20 years

If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to ________%. A) 10 B) 5 C) 1.5 D) 25 E) 20

The world population growth rate is currently close to ________%. A) 5 B) 20 C) 10 D) 2.5 E) 1.2

The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years for human use of natural resources are ________. A) rapidly increasing, moving from unsustainable to sustainable B) from unsustainable to sustainable C) decreasing and sustainable D) steady state, no change E) increasing and unsustainable

Malthus was responsible for ________. A) the book The Population Bomb, which described the disastrous effects of human population growth B) the idea that without social restrictions increasing human population would lead to famine and war C) defining the concept of ecosystem services D) the idea that population growth would lead to greater industry and prosperity E) recognizing the demographic transition effect in developing nations

Which of the following statements about growth rate and population size is true? A) When the growth rate increases steadily, population size decreases steadily. B) When the growth rate decreases, population size will increase by greater increments with each successive generation. C) If the growth rate remains steady, population size will continue to increase by greater increments with each generation. D) Growth rate and population size are not related.

When birth rates decline, what happens to a given population? A) The average age of the population grows older. B) The number of producers in the ecosystem decreases. C) The average age of the population grows younger. D) The population shifts towards females.

Which of the following are the three principal effects of a human population that determine its impact on the environment (the IPAT model)? A) population, adaptation, technology B) pollution, aggression, technology C) population, affluence, technology D) population, adaptation, total fertility rate

Which part of the IPAT model represents the influence of wealth and its environmental impact? A) A for affluence B) I for environmental impact C) T for technology D) P for population

Which large country is currently experiencing zero or even negative population growth? A) India B) Canada C) the United States D) Russia

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape? A) a rectangle tapering toward the top B) pyramid C) Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that increases in size. inverted pyramid D) Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that increases in size. Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape? A) Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that decreases in size. B) pyramid C) Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that decreases in size. a rectangle tapering toward the top D) inverted pyramid Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape? A) pyramid B) a rectangle tapering toward the top C) inverted pyramid D) Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that remains stable in size. E) Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that remains stable in size.

In a country where there are increasingly more households, ________. A) population growth rates should increase B) birth rates should remain constant C) birth rates should increase D) consumption should decrease E) consumption should increase

According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________. A) decreases sensitivity B) decreases environmental impact C) increases sensitivity D) increases population E) increases environmental impact

The view held by both Malthus and Paul Ehrlich suggests that depletion of resource supplies due to greater numbers of people ________. A) is a problem because some resources are limited and can be depleted B) is not a problem because disease will limit population size C) is not a problem because new resources can always be found to replace depleted ones D) will lead to natural selection of the most fit individuals E) will result in exponential population growth

Despite dire predictions in the past, humans still inhabit Earth. A few economists would argue that this is because ________. A) Malthus overestimated Earth's environmental sensitivity B) technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources C) world population growth has been slower than expected D) Malthus's measurements were inaccurate E) space exploration has revealed new frontiers

Which of these statements about the growth of the human population is true? A) The human population has been growing at a steady and constant rate since 1800. B) The human population peaked in the 1960s and has been declining since. C) Population growth is evenly divided with 50% of the increase coming from the developed countries and 50% from the developing countries. D) The rate at which the population has been growing has slowed in the past 50 years, but the human population is still getting larger.

If a country has a growth rate of 2%, how long will it take to double its population? A) 35 years B) 350 years C) 100 years D) 25 years

Why do we study demography? A) Demography involves the nature of viruses. B) Demography examines the interactions between living and nonliving members of an ecosystem C) Demography investigates the relationship between population ecology and population changes. D) Demography explores the relationship between population and war.

What is the maximum population size that a given environment can sustain? A) population density B) total fertility rate C) carrying capacity D) tipping point

Of the following, which provide the most complete picture of whether a population of humans grows, shrinks, or remains stable? A) affluence and technology B) rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration C) availability of medical procedures D) the carrying capacity

What occurs during the final stage, the post-industrial stage, of the demographic transition model? A) Both the birth rate and the death rate continue along at very low levels. B) The birth rate and the death rate are high. C) The birth rate slowly decreases and the death rate decreases. D) The population size rapidly increases.

When an agrarian economy transitions to an industrial economy, what effect does it have on the population? A) The total population decreases. B) The population growth becomes exponential. C) Population growth rate slows. D) TFR will increase since women are able to stay at home rather than work in the fields to grow food.

How do women cause a reduction in the TFR? A) through empowerment, personal choice and education B) Lower levels of education for women leads to lower growth rates. C) High rates of female literacy result in high D) population growth rates. promiscuity through available contraception

Which of the following statements about Earth's carrying capacity for humans is true? A) Earth can support an infinite number of humans. B) Earth's carrying capacity for humans is approximately 350 million people. C) Humans do not have a carrying capacity because we are at the top of the food chain. D) Human beings are not unlike other animals concerning carrying capacity, but we utilize technology to artificially raise the carrying capacity increasingly higher.

Which of the following was a factor in helping to reduce total fertility rate of developed countries in the recent past? A) increased dependence on farming for survival B) better medical care C) lack of education for women D) lack of access to birth control

Drag the labels to the appropriate targets. Pink labels indicate what each age class represents. Blue labels indicate how the population is expected to change over time.

What was the overall trend in household size from 1970 to 2000? A) There was no overall trend. B) Household size decreased. C) Household size increased. D) Household size stayed the same. What percentage of households in 2000 had 3 or fewer people? A) 17.2% B) 16.5% C) 64.4% D) 74.9% In comparison to 1970, the overall percentage of households with 4 or more people in 2000______. A) increased relative to households of 3 or fewer people B) decreased by approximately 1% C) stayed the same D) decreased by approximately 10% Which of the following statements best describes the implications of household size for energy consumption and land use and development? A) Larger households (those with 4 or more than 5 people) mean a larger population and higher overall environmental impacts. B) Overall energy and land use will depend on the type and density of housing developments in an area. C) If more households are small (with 1 or 2 people), energy consumption will decrease. D) There is no relationship between household size and energy and land use. If current trends continue, with parents in the U.S. choosing to have fewer children on average (for example, 1 or 2 children versus 3 or more), how will future household sizes be affected? A) Households of 1 and 2 people will increase. B) Households of 3 and 4 people will increase. C) All household size categories will decrease. D) Households of 3 and 4 people will increase and households with more than 5 people will decrease.

Look at the age-structure pyramids. The numbers between the bars (in the middle of the graphs) serve as the y-axis. What do these numbers represent? A) the percentage of the population in each age class B) the age classes, in 5-year ranges C) the total population, in millions D) the number of people born in a particular year E) the population of males and females What do the bars on the graphs represent? A) the number of males and females in each age group B) birth rate or death rate for each age group C) the number of males and females born in different years D) the percentage of males and females in each age group In 2014, how many 25- to 29-year-old women lived in Niger? A) about 0.6 million B) about 1.2 million C) about 0.6 billion D) cannot be determined from the graph The colors of the bars on the graphs indicate the life stage of the people in that age class. What does it mean if a bar is colored red? A) The people in that age class are past reproductive age. B) The people in that age class are of reproductive age. C) The answer cannot be determined from the graphs. D) The people in that age class have not yet reached reproductive age The 2014 age-structure pyramid for Niger indicates that the population of Niger ________. A) was increasing B) was stable C) was decreasing D) cannot be determined from the graph In the Netherlands in 2014, which age classes contained the largest number of people? A) children between 5 and 14 B) adults between 25 and 34 C) adults between 35 and 45 D) adults between 45 and 54 E) adults between 55 and 64 In the Netherlands in 2014, people between the ages of 45 and 54 made up the largest percentage of the population. What factor is most likely to have caused this bulge in the age pyramid? A) an increase in the death rate during World War I and the influenza epidemic of 1917 B) a surge in the birth rate after World War II ended in 1945 C) a decline in the birth rate during the Great Depression of the 1930s D) the increased availability of oral contraceptives in the 1950s and 1960s Assuming that current trends continue, predict how the age structure of the Netherlands in 2034 will likely differ from that in 2014. A) The proportion of the population made up of children (ages 0-15) will increase. B) The proportion of the population made up of adults of reproductive age will increase. C) The proportion of the population made up of older adults (65+) will increase. D) The answer cannot be determined from the graph. Based on a comparison of the age-structure pyramids, which of the following would likely be a higher priority in the Netherlands than in Niger? A) providing prenatal care B) providing long-term care for the elderly C) providing childhood vaccinations D) building new schools

Looking at the figure, you are able to determine ________. A) that the population in part (a) is growing rapidly B) that there was a "baby boom" in the population on the right 30 years ago C) that the population in the part (b) has many more males than females D) that the population in the part (b) is aging rapidly E) that the population in the part (b) is growing rapidly

Which climate contains the highest population density? A) humid subtropical B) tropical rainy C) humid continental, warm summer D) semiarid E) humid continental, cool summer Which of the following climates contains the LOWEST population density? A) tropical wet and dry B) tropical rainy C) subarctic D) highland E) marine west coast Why does Africa have the highest total fertility rate but a lower population density than parts of southern and eastern Asia? A) People in Africa are spread out over a greater area. B) Africa has more people than southern and eastern Asia. C) Africa has greater biodiversity. D) People in southern and eastern Asia are spread out over a greater area. E) None of the listed responses are correct. Which region has the highest percentage of its population under age 15? A) Africa B) South America C) North America D) Asia E) All of the listed responses are correct. What does a high percentage of population under age 15 tell us about a region's potential for population growth? A) The region's population will likely decrease. B) The region's population will likely remain stable. C) The region's population will likely fluctuate. D) The region's population will likely increase. E) None of the listed responses are correct.

The population in part (a) is likely to experience ________ soon. A) resource depletion and decreased quality of life B) more senior citizens C) government institution of a population control policy D) exponential population growth E) more single males

Which of the following is not one of the world's top five most populous nations? A) India B) Brazil C) United States D) Indonesia E) Vietnam

Replacement fertility ________. A) is below 2 in Latin America and the Caribbean B) is a contraceptive technique C) is below 2 in Africa D) restores population size after a catastrophic event E) is equal to 2.1 in stable populations

Increasing levels of literacy among women is shown to ________. A) raise TFR B) result in having children at a younger age C) decrease the use of contraception D) lower TFR E) have no effect on TFR or contraceptive use

Declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care while birth rates remain high is characteristic of the ________ stage. A) post-industrial B) revolutionary C) transitional D) pre-industrial E) stabilization

Which of the following countries has the highest population growth rate? A) Canada B) Italy C) United States D) Pakistan E) Spain

The richest one-fifth of the world's population possesses approximately ________ times the income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth uses over 86% of the world's resources. A) 20 B) 60 C) 40 D) 80 E) 10

In the demographic transition model, the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during ________. A) stage 1, the preindustrial stage B) stage 2, the transitional stage C) stage 3, the industrial stage D) stage 4, the postindustrial stage E) stage 5, the stability transition stage

A population which is not growing will have a TFR of ________. A) less than 1.0 B) 5 or higher C) zero D) 2.1 E) 1.2

Because of the success of China's population control programs, ________. A) China's population growth rate is much lower than it was in the 1970s B) European nations have instituted similar programs C) African nations have instituted similar programs D) there is a younger population in China today E) environmental problems in China have been virtually eliminated

What causes a decline in fertility rates? A) an increase in family planning and birth control B) a decrease in family planning and birth control C) an increase in infant mortality and death rate D) per capita income decreases

Which term describes the amount of cumulative land and water required to provide the raw materials a person or population consumes and to dispose of the waste that is produced? A) carrying capacity B) ecological footprint C) demographic transition D) TFR

Why are diseases such as AIDS, which reduce population density, undermining the ability of developing countries to make the transition to more modern, industrialized societies? A) They are causing "demographic fatigue," which leaves these countries without a professional class. B) They are removing older populations that are more likely to adopt new technologies. C) They are removing many of the youngest, most reproductively active members of society, limiting population growth. D) They are removing only men from the population.

Why aren't more couples using birth control in Zambia? Birth control in Zambia __________. A) leads to an increase in sexually-transmitted infections B) is forbidden by the government C) requires travel that many families cannot afford. D) is too expensive The number of children in a family in Zambia has largely been determined by __________. A) the father B) the religious practices of the family C) the amount of available food D) the other children in the family To limit the growth of the Zambian population, humanitarian aid agencies and organizations such as UNICEF are focusing on __________. A) educating and empowering women B) increasing the availability of abortions C) forced sterilization of women who already have three children D) giving people money to purchase birth control What is the relationship between family income and family size? In general, as family income levels __________. A) become increasingly unpredictable, families have fewer children B) fall, families have fewer children C) rise, families have fewer children D) None of the listed responses above is correct.

According to the graph, what type of relationship exists between a nation's total fertility rate and its female secondary school enrollment rate? A) positive B) negative C) no obvious relationship Which two statements are supported by the graph 1. Cambodia and Guatemala have similar fertility rates but differ in their secondary school enrollment rates. 2. Data from India strongly support the correlation between female secondary school enrollment and lower fertility rates. 3. Decreased fertility rates result in more access to education for girls. 4. Increasing females' access to education is the best way to lower fertility rates. 5. Increasing female secondary school enrollment is strongly associated with reduced fertility rates. 6. Female secondary school enrollment causes fertility rates to decrease.

If predictions hold true, which two countries will be responsible for adding the most cars to the world's total by 2030? A) Brazil and the United States B) Brazil and India C) United States and China D) China and India You are an automobile engineer focused on decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide produced per mile driven. What are you working on? A) carbon concentration B) carbon intensity C) carbon quantification D) carbon certification Who sets automobile efficiency standards in the United States? A) United Nations B) auto industry C) federal government D) oil companies You work for the Department of Transportation in the United States. You are sent to the country that has done the most to encourage electric car use to learn how they did so. Where do you go? A) Belgium B) Norway C) Finland D) Sweden When it comes to climate change, which of the following is the least desirable way to produce the electricity for electric vehicles? A) using nuclear power B) using coal C) using wind power D) using solar power

You are an environmental toxicologist studying permethrin. Your research confirms what the EPA has said about this chemical. What did you find? A) Permethrin is harmful to humans, but not to fish. B) Permethrin is harmful to both fish and humans. C) Permethrin is not harmful to fish or humans. D) Permethrin is harmful to fish, but not to humans. You have developed a new way to keep mosquitoes away from sleeping people at night by dissipating the gas that attracts them. What gas did you focus on? A) carbon monoxide B) oxygen C) methane D) carbon dioxide Which of the following is most likely to have the highest concentration of permethrin? A) Undried, fresh fish. B) Fish dried in the sun while sitting on a typical mosquito net. C) Fish hung to dry in the sun. D) Fish dried in the sun on bare ground. If what happened in Madagascar holds true for other locations, which of the following will happen? A) No attempt will be made to regulate the use of mosquito nets for fishing. B) Temporary bans on the use of mosquito nets for fishing will be tried with mixed results. C) Bans on using mosquito nets for fishing will be tried, but will not be successful. D) Bans on using mosquito nets for fishing will be implemented, and will be successful. Which of the following is likely the most effective way to increase the use of mosquito nets for their intended purpose? A) Make the holes in the nets smaller to increase effectiveness. B) Treat the nets with a more effective pesticide. C) Impose fines on those using the nets for fishing. D) Sell fishing nets for a cheaper price.

Which of the following is currently contributing to low birth rates across much of Europe? A) Food shortages. B) Large government surpluses. C) High unemployment. D) Lack of women's rights. Birthrate is which of the following? A) Number of births per couple. B) Number of births per family. C) Number of births per man. D) Number of births per woman. Why is Denmark so concerned with its low birth rates? A) Because they were warned by Finland of the results of low birth rates. B) Because after more than 40 years of low birth rates, they are starting to see the effects. C) Because it is just above replacement rate and the government doesn't want it to drop any lower. D) Because it is a new phenomenon. Which of the following do most experts believe will be the result of low birth rates in Europe? A) economic prosperity B) It is unknown. C) civil wars D) economic collapse Which of the following countries is closest to replacement fertility rate? A) Zimbabwe at 3.51 B) India at 2.48 C) Chile at 1.83 D) Iceland at 2.08