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Atlanticism

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a belief in the important of cooperation between Europe and the United States and Canada about political, economic and defense issues

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gaullism

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a French political stance based on the thought and action of Resistance leader (and later President) Charles de Gaulle. Serge Bernstein writes that this is "neither a doctrine nor a political ideology" and cannot be considered either left or right

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Atlantic charter of 1941

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founding document of Atlanticism which provided a strong set of universal claims

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Winston Churchill

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developed atlanticism, had a romanticism of his own about the "English speaking peoples" which included US and Great Britain

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Jean Monnet

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-French political economist and diplomat -founding father of the European Union -saw America as a model for Europe -concentrated on American advantages of bigness -reacting against the particular problems of France --> suffered in the interwar period from the conservatism and reluctance to invest of its business elite -championed atlanticism

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Ludwig Erhard

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-championed atlanticism -German politician -leading postwar German economic reforms in the 1960s -promoted social market economy -saw America as a model for Europe -stressed about the principle of economic freedom -reacting against particular problems of Germany --> suffered from the controlling ambitions of its governments

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Harold Wilson and Margaret Thatcher

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-British Atlanticists -largely skeptical of the European integrationist drive, saw as an attempt to find a European counterweight to the US

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Ignazio Silone

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Italian author and politician -helped forge a new climate in European life -anti-communism -social democratic reformism

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Raymond Aron

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-French philosopher, sociologist, journalist, and political scientists -argues that in post-war France, Marxism was the opium of intellectuals

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Arthur Koestler

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Hungarian-British author and journalist -anti-totalitarian work that gained him international fame

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André Malraux

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-French novelist, art theorist and Minister of Cultural Affairs -appointed by President Charles de Gaulle as Minister of Information (1945-1946) and subsequently as France's first Minister of Culture Affairs during de Gaulle's presidency

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Melvin Lasky

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-American journalist, intellectual, and member of the anti-Communist left -abandoned Marxism or Trotskyism -anti-communism -CIA had partly financed his work

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Sidney Hook

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-American philosopher of the Pragmatist school -abandoned communism -later known for his criticisms of totalitarianism, both fascism and Marxism-Leninsm

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Marxism

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a method of socioeconomic analysis, originating from the mid-to-late 19th century works of German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, that analyzes class relations and societal conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and a dialectical view of social transformation

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Trotskyism

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the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky

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Simone de Beauvoir

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-shared the existentialism of Jean-Paul Sartre -A leading French feminist (1908-1986), author of several novels as well as the foundational text of 20th-century French feminism, The Second Sex.

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existentialism

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-Jean-Paul Sartre -a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will

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Sidney Tarrow

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-studied communism in the 60s -an emeritus professor of political science and sociology, known for his research in the areas of comparative politics, social movements, political parties, collective action and political sociology

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Paris, May 1968

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-The volatile period of civil unrest in France during May 1968 was punctuated by demonstrations and massive general strikes as well as the occupation of universities and factories across France. -At the height of its fervor, it virtually brought the entire advanced capitalist economy of France to a dramatic halt -It is considered to this day as a cultural, social and moral turning point in the history of the country

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Berlin Wall

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On November 9, 1989, as the Cold War began to thaw across Eastern Europe, the spokesman for East Berlin's Communist Party announced a change in his city's relations with the West.

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Chernobyl

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-village/nuclear power plant in Ukraine -Blew up in April 1986 -distributed radioactive material all over Europe -blow for people who believed in Soviet technology -Mathias Rust: 19 years old, may have been psychologically unstable, got a pilot's license, rented a plane to fly to Finland, landed in Red Square in Moscow, made Soviets look bad, unchallenged by Soviet Air Defense

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Perstroika

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-a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s, widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform. -allow private enterprise

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Glasnost

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Soviet policy of open discussion of political and social issues. It was instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s and began the democratization of the Soviet Union.

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cold war

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a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but 1947-91 is common.

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civil society

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-a term taken from Hegel and Marx to refer to a sphere of social organization and institution-building that was not centrally directed or political or dependent on law

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Hegel

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believed that civil society was incomplete with the State

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Marx

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used civil society term as an incomplete social world

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Governance

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-way of expressing the demand for an end to the politics of corruption -required rules about the conduct of political and business life, many of which were quite specific -controversial aspect related to who should bear the responsibility for improving

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subsidiarity

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principle was that decisions should be made at the lowest administrative level possible and consistent with general principles of good governance

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The Haunted Land

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-argues in its intro that "for many governments, dealing with past injustice has been not a way to break free of it, but the first step in its recurrence" -explores some of the more successful ways of dealing with a past of oppression

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biggest issue in eastern Europe

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how we deal with communist past/history; people victimizing each other

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Tina Rosenberg

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-East Germany as opposed to Nazi Germany; uses parallels between the two -East Germany didn't process after WWII, switched from one extreme to another, Nazi Germany --> East Germany government

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Lustrace

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-did not mean it sent people to jail -the disclosure of personal files both for vetting initiatives and for inspection by victims and others concerned -may lead to decommunization, that is excluding, for a short or longer term, certain individuals for important public functions. It may also lead to what in various countries has been labelled 'national remembrance': an overview of the systematics of human rights violations in the communist period.

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Lustration in the Czech Republic

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the federal parliament and the Czech National Council adopted two Lustration Acts, intending to change the existing staffing of the top state apparatus positions, inhabited by persons exposed due to their service and collaboration with the totalitarian communist powers between 1948 and 1989, and to set new conditions for the staffing of selected positions for the future

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Lustration in Germany

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`Purification' of former communists after the demise of the German Democratic Republic was far-reaching. For example, sixty percent of Saxony's educational officials and teachers were fired.

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solidarity

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-the oppositional (and sometimes confrontational) labor movement and later political party banned and then finally legalized in Poland

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Totalitarianism

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-a political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.

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authoritarianism

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a form of social organization characterized by submission to authority and thus usually opposed to individualism, liberalism, democracy, libertarianism and anarchism

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Rudolf Zukal

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-Czech economist -

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Joachim Guak

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the President of Germany, serving since March 2012. A former Lutheran pastor, he came to prominence as an anti-communist civil rights activist in East Germany

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globalization

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major trends in culture, society, economics seem to cross borders/national state borders in ways they didn't always before

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Michel Foucault

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French historian/philosopher on the practices of power

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Kovacs article

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collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe had consequences that went considerably beyond the realm of politics and collective memory. This article does a good job outlining the complexities of the cultural developments that followed 1989. He provides an especially effective questioning of the received idea of globalization as essentially the McDonaldization of the world

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apparatchik

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a semi-derogatory term for a Party bureaucrat

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glocalization

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a very ugly portmanteau word to describe the way globalization often goes hand in hand with localization, a response and possibly a resistance to it

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New Hungarian stereotype

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"A symbolic embodiment of this process in Hungary would be former communist apparatchik in national costume riding a wild horse on the Putza (the Hungarian steppe) with a hamburger in his dirty hand" (147)

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Gemie article

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controversies surrounding immigrants have become increasingly important in several European countries, especially but not solely the traditional destination countries countries of immigrants in Western Europe...in France, the notion of "laïcité" has evolved from a simple proposition of state neutrality into an ideology actively opposed to manifestations of religion in France.

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Laïcité

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banning expressions of religion in public life

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Ius solis

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If you are born in a given territory you have citizenship in that state that governs it Law of the soil Ex: France, like US

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Ius sanguinis

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Law of blood German model, Japanese model Law says you are citizen if your parents both were (or if your father was)

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Stasi Commission

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a commission set up to reflect upon the application of the laïcité principle - eventually led to the introduction of the French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools.

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Habermas

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a German sociologist and philosopher, known for among other things a social history of the development of the bourgeois public sphere. In 1986, he launched the Historikerstreit, the public conflict among West German historians on ways of representing the Nazi period in history, by publicly attacking a group of historians for presenting an excessively sympathetic picture of the Nazi regime

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Derrida

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a French philosopher working in the area of philosophy of language and associated most notably with deconstruction, which became highly influential in literary and cultural studies first in the United States and subsequently elsewhere.

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Habermas and Derrida

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descriptive thesis: Europeans have a common identity as a result of their shared experiences and values -the acknowledgment of differences gained through experiences

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Old Europe

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An echo of Donald Rumsfeld's comment as the U.S. Secretary of Defense, deriding the European countries (notably France and Germany) that refused to join the military campaign against Iraq. While Rumsfeld clearly meant to imply the senescence of the countries at the heart of the EU, Habermas is using the term mostly to distinguish between them and those that entered the Union later.

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Eurocentrism

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The term seems here to refer to a potential nasty side-effect of European self-regard, closely connected with racism, xenophobia, or both: the belief in the sole applicability of European standards of judgment, and the focus on European culture and affairs to the exclusion of the rest of the world. In academia, this was once (and could again become) a major reproach in the humanities and social sciences

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problems Europe supposedly solved end of 20th century

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o Secularism has replaced individualism o Placed religion in civil/civic life o Class antagonism o Nationalism o Gender equality o Market-driven inequality o Colonialism/imperialism

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