Europe in the Middle Ages Terms – Flashcards
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mayors of the palace
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govt. officials in the Frankish kingdom who actually had more power than the king
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monk
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a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God
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heresy
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beliefs contrary to Church teaching
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theology
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the study of God & religion
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pope
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the bishop of Rome and the head of the Roman Catholic Church
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Crusades
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series of holy wars; Christian Europe's aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid the Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade
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Inquisition
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a court established by the Catholic Church to discover and try heretics
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sacrament
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religious rite that could only be administered by the clergy (WHI definition; NOT Religion!)
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pilgrimage
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journey to a holy shrine
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Great Schism
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(1378-1417) Split in the Catholic Church with one Pope in Avignon and the other in Rome, led to questioning the authority of the Church
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vassal
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In feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services
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fief
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land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service
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knight
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a man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier
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squire
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the second stage to becoming a knight, around age 14; knight's assistant, cared for horses, trained with weapons, and went to battle
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serf
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a medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord's estate
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chain mail
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flexible armor made of joined metal links
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chivalry
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code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages
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manor
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a large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord
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nuns
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if a woman wanted an education during the Middle Ages, she often became one of these
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Black Death
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a deadly plague that swept through Europe during the Middle Ages
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monasticism
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life of a monk
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capitalism
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investing for the purpose of profiting
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apprentice
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person who works for an expert in a trade or craft in return for training (a beginner)
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journeyman
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a person who has learned a particular trade or craft but has not become an employer, or master
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bourgeoisie
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merchants & artisans who built settlements near castles in medieval times
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1215
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date of the signing of the Magna Carta
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Papal States
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region around Rome that a Frankish ruler gave to the pope
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Gothic
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style of architecture characterized by tall, narrow walls, pointed arches, stained glass windows, & flying buttresses
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1066
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year William the Conqueror became the first Norman king of England after winning the Battle of Hastings
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feudalism
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political & social system that developed during the Middle Ages, when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
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guild
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association of people in the same craft or trade that sets rules to uphold the standards and protect its members
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Magna Carta
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"the Great Charter" of rights; which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215
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Hundred Years' War
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series of battles between England & France over claims to the French throne
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common law
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a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes
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Flanders
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became the center of trade for northern Europe and was known for its woolen cloth
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Constantinople
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capital of the Byzantine Empire; enjoyed a strategic location between the Black and the Mediterranean Seas, as well as between Europe and Asia
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Romanesque
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style of architecture which was characterized by a basilica shape, round arches, great stone portals, and massive stone walls
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Battle of Hastings
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battle won by William the Conqueror over Harold; marked the beginning of England's development as a nation
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Carolingian Empire
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Charlemagne's empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century
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Byzantine Empire
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(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century
