Europe in the Middle Ages 400-1500 – Flashcards
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feudalism
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social system that involves doing favors for nobles, usually military service for in exchange of protection and land that is used to farm on. importance- it divided power up in the social system through vassals which are small land owners who work for the large landowner. It also protected them from invaders.
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manorialism
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a system where peasents where given land through there lords and then be independent and balance the caste system. importance- it helped the lower caste, peasants, more oppurtunities and land to farm on. They got more power in the caste system because they were granted land.
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medievial
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The time in Europe when the western roman empire collapsed and the renaisance began importance- it advanced the world in technology and medical intelligence. It also helped the world find out how to make jobs more available. They grew massivley in medical research after they found the cure for the black death because they learned how diseases can travel on different living objects. art reforms became more apparent and religious reformations strengthened there society.
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manor
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self sufficient estate of a medieval lord included villages and fields. manors were usually located around the lords castle. importance- they produce goods and services which helped the economy of the manor. The manor system made civilized and may have started city structure. Most people that lived on a manor were peasants. The peasants had to learn about teamwork on order to work as a mini civilization.
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Papacy
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it is the power of the pope. the pope is a religious leader of the roman catholic church. importance- the papacy made a strengthened catholic community. it gave them something to look up too.
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monarchs
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a ruler that is from a family of royalty. for example a king or queen. importance- they managed trading, held power in fuedal europe, helped shape the cultural movement, and owner most of the land.
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Charlemagne
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king of the Frank's, a group of germanic tribes. He was a holy emperor. He united most of western europe during his rule. importance- he united most of western europe and encouraged education. he was a commited christian. He believed that education would make his kingdom stronger. He affiliated himself with the catholic church to expand christianity throughout europe.
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Gregory VII
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He was the first pope to kill a crowned ruler. He was a christian because he is a pope. He had disregard for disobedience. He made many alliances across Europe. He was good with politics. He was known as Gregory the great importance- he declared the dictatus papae, a set of 27 rules. He excluded emperor Henry IV from the catholic church. He beleived that the emperor should have no control in the catholic church.
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Emperor Henry IV
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Holy Roman emperor; adversary to Gregory VII; ignored pope; did some bad deeds; German king importance- He changed the Church's authority on Europe. He ignored the pope, and started a fight that led to some cultural changes. He was excommunicated by Gregory VII. He wasn't well educated, so that led to some bad decisions. Henry was de-throned and caused Europe's next king Gregory VII to have the people's full support.
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absolutism
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the tolerance of principles in philosophy, politics, and ethical affairs importance- A monarch ruled in absolutism. He/She ruled with ABSOLUTE power. It produced strong leaders and triumphed all across western Europe. There were many theories of a king's power. Either power came from God or from obeying the rules.
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Norman Invasion
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An invasion that was part of Norman Conquest; the Normans settled in England; invaded and conquered the Saxons importance- The invasion led to the Battle of Hastings, which changed England's culture forever. This was a great strategy by William the Conqueror, to win the Conquest.
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Battle of Hastings
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the battle in which William the Conqueror defeated Harold II, who led the Saxons, in 1066 importance- If this battle had not occurred, the Norman conquest would not have happened. The Normans became the sovereigns over Europe, since Harold II was the last Anglo-Saxon leader. Culture and religion changed forever in Europe.
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William the Conqueror
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Norwegian king who won the battle of Hastings and was crowned king of England because of his win Importance his win changed the history of Europe. They would of been slaves or prisoners in their adversary's country. He was crowned king and made important decisions in his reign.
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trial by jury
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A practice where rather than the judge deciding a criminals future the criminal has an inquiry with an assembly of impartial people Importance- it gave people a chance of real innocent freedom and made the law system more fair to those without the help of the law. People had hope they that they might win a case
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the common law
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A set of laws that has developed from the regular traditions and the decisions of a judge rather than laws being passed from an assembly Importance- this law was part of the law of the land with other laws like Norman French feudal law, church law, and Anglo-Saxon common law. It governed Europe and gave people more freedom.
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Magna Carta
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Latin for great charter, a set of laws granting freedom. Was created by king John, referred to the law of the land. Importance- it set a historic example for kings to abide by the manga carta's laws. It affected the U.S.' Laws because we adopted some principals; trial by the jury and people's rights
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parliament
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An assembly of representatives who make laws. Kings had power over them at first, then they became a separate body of the government. Importance- they strengthened Europes government by allowing there to be 2 parts of the government; king and parliament. Common and wealthy men were able to participate, this created less of a caste system
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habeas corpus
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A Latin phrase meaning "you shall have the body" this is pertaining to a court order to bring a person into jail to see a judge about their future. Importance- it prevent secret arrests and injustice. This legal practice kept innocent people out of jail and guilty people in.
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Catholic
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Having to do with the whole body of the church Importance- Catholicism changed the medieval church forever. The church had power over the people and catholic followers became very important in the society. They were high social status and many people recognized them.
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Crusades
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A series of military campaigns to establish Christian control over the holy land Importance- the crusades changed Christian history forever. Christian population would not be as large today if the crusades had not spread Christianity throughout Europe.
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Thomas Aquinas
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A catholic priest and philosopher who was a professor at the university of Paris he believed in natural law Importance - he was obsessed with aristotles writings. He brought Europes attention to theology and philosophy. He changed the way Europe viewed the world.
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natural law
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An idea that the laws in nature pertain to the natural world and human affairs and life Importance - Tomas Aquitaine beleived in this concept. He also said that it could be discovered through reasoning. Natural law changed the way society viewed the worlds laws human and natural
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Bubonic Plague
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A bacterial disease that spread by fleas that are on rats Importance - the Black Plague was important because it led Europe into the rennesaince. It was culturally a great time for Europe. The churches power was strengthened the peasants revolt was surfaced and social structures were diminished
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what is feudalism sometimes called
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a caste system
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what is a manor
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a castle that rules a fief or part of a fief
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what was Europe made of
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plains, mountains, and rivers
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what is Europe
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a peninsula
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What made Europe good for farming
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the north European plain
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What helped Europe trade
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water ways like the Mediterranean and other rivers
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what was European main rivers
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Rhine siene Danube
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what current flowed right into Europe
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the northern Atlantic drift
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what does feudom mean
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fief
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What bad did the Northern Europe plain brinf
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it brought over population which led to fighting and Black Death
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was the Kings job hard
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no
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what did they call tax
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tribute
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feudalism caused what
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taxes
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what were poor people called
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serfs and peasants
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Who had the highest social class
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the pope
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why did religion become so important
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they knew they could die of the Black Death do they wanted to pray to stay alive or at least make it to heaven
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who were the 2 main leaders of religion in Europe
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Constantine and Charlemagne
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who protected leaders
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knights
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who does the king give land to
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lords
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who do lords give land to
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vasells
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What does hierarchy mean
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ranking
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What is manorialism
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how the fief is run
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what does fue mean
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feudom
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what does fief mean
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estate land
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what else did them being close together cause
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cultural diffusion
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what ended Anglo-Saxon rule
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the battle of Hastings
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what was William the conquerers name
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duke Williams
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what was king Henry IV know. for
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disobeying the pope
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what did Charlemagne do
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made Europe as we know it today
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what does habeas corpus mean
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you shall have the body
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what does excommunicated mean
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to get kicked out of the church
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what power in government did religion have while King Henry IV
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none
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do we still use habeas corpus today
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yes
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what did the battle of Hastings do
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changed religion
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what time was habeas corpus not used
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during war
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where does the pope live
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vatacon
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if you are Catholic are you Christian
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yes
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if you are a Christian you
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may or may not be Catholic
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why does Europe have many countries
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fighting
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what does medieval mean
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Latin for middle ages
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who rules the Catholic Church
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pope
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who made the first non Catholic Christina church
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martin King
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what was martin kings church called
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Lutheran
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what was Charlemagnes relationship with Muslims
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he fought them and also made alliances with them
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his military victories reunited much of what
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the western Roman Empire
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who was Charlemagnes dad
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Charles mantel
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what did Charles mantel do
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start the Frank's
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what religion was Charlemagnes religion
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christianity
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who crowned Charlemagne
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pope Leo III
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how did Charlemagne spread his kingdom
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through Christianity
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who protected pope Leo lll
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Charlemagne
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who strengthened the churches power
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Charlemagne
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who was charlemagnes dad
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charles mantel
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who united frankish tribes
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Clovis I
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what relationship did the franks have with the muslims
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they fought with and against them
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what ended anglo-saxon rule
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The battle of hastings
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Who was the first emperor to get excommunicated
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Henry IV
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How long did Henry have to wait to get back into the church
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3 days in the snow
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What was the conflict between henry and pope gregory
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they both wanted to appoint bishops
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where does the pope live
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vatacan
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What did charlemagne learn to do
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read and understand greek and latin
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what religion was charlemegne
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christian
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what was important at the begining of the middle ages
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geography because it brought everyone to one place
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what did constantine end
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the persecution of christians
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who was the main power of europe in the early middle ages
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vikings
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who conquered italy ealry on
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magyars
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Where other than italy were the magyars
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hungary
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what did the vikings turn into
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the normans
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how did the vikings travel
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by rivers
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what is important to all civilizations
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rivers and streams
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What did the vikings do when they raid
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the burned churches and monasteries
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What was the main center for muslims in europe
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sicily
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where were the vikings from
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scandanavia
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what were the vikings considered
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nomads
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what happened to the vikings
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no one knows but we do know that they became the normans
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what did the vikings magyars and muslims have in common
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they were farmers, traders, explorers, and raiders
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When did magyars vikings and muslims rule
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after charlemagne
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What did viking travel open
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trade routes
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why did vikings attack monasteries
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they were rich and unprotected
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where were the muslims found
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spain
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when was the concordat of worms made
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1122
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who excommunicated King Henry IV
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Pope gregory VII
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Why was appointing bishops important
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bishops controlled land and helped make decisions
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Who other than gregory and henry IV had a conflict between church and government
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Thomas Beckett and Henry II
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Do we still have conflict between government and church
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yes
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whats the difference between the church and government conflict back then compared to now
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the church used to always win but now the government wins
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What was pope gregory
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an italian monk
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what did the pope make
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dictatus papae
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Did the pope ever forgive henry
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yes but after he waited in the snow for 3 days
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Why did Henry want to get back into the church
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he had no power without the church
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why did henry get excommunitcated
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he ignored the pope
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What did henry do after he was let back into the church
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he tried to over rule it
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What made henry the maddest
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when gregory made the concordat of worms
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what law made henry mad
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that the pope has power over emperor
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What are the peninsulas of Europe?
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Iberian, Italian, Balkan, Scandavian
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What is the period called between ancient times and modern times?
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medevial or middle ages
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What word would you use to describe Europe's topography? What does the word topography mean?
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Varied because it has everything an early civilization needs. Topography means physical features of its surface.
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What is the significance of the North European Plain?
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It is fertile and it stretches for miles. People can do anything on it like trade, travel, and farm on it.
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What mountains isolate Italy from the rest of Europe?
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Alps
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How do Europe's rivers flow?
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They flow from the central mountains and the highlands to farms and the northern european plane
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What are the 2 longest rivers in Western Europe?
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Volga R. and the Danube
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How does Europe's topography affect its climate?
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There is the north atlantic drift which brings moist air to all of europe. But, there are mountains that can stop it leaving dry places.
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What mountain range is at Europe's easternmost point? What does this mountain range separate?
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They are called the urals and they separate Europe and Asia.
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Why is Europe referred to as the peninsula of peninsulas?
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Europe is a big peninsula with little peninsulas sticking out of it.
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What caused different people to migrate to Western Europe?
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It was fertile and different people found different needs like how Lombards lived in river valleys, and the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes stayed in the North Sea and the British Isles.
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Name 8 different tribes that migrated into Europe during the Early Middle Ages.
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Angles,Franks,Huns,Jutes,Lombards,Saxons,Vandals,and the Visigoths.
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Where did the tribes that migrated to Europe come from? Name 2 places.
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Asia and Africa
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What did all these tribes in Europe cause?
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It made them overpopulated them so that they fought and then the Franks took over.
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What leader took defeated the last Roman army in Western Europe? What tribe was he from? When did this happen?What did this tribe accomplish on a major scale? Was it long term?
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It was Clovis I and he was part of the franks.
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What did Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) do in 717? Why was this so important?
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He defeated the muslims and by doing this he united the Franks.
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What is the only part of all of Europe that the Muslims have ruled?
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Spain
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How did the Franks take power in Western Europe? When did Charlemagne (Charles the Great) become king of the Franks?
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When charles mantel died and charlemagne took power.
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What 3 of today's countries did Charlemagne's empire mostly cover?
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Germany Italy and France
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Charlemagne's victory accomplished what important goal?
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He united most of europe to be christianity.
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Who helped run Charlemagne run his empire?
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Clergy
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What did Charlemagne feel would strengthen his empire? This made him create what?
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He thought that education would help so he made educated officials
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What 2 languages did Charlemagne study?
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Latin and greek
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What religion was Charlemagne? Many of his advisors were what?
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He was christian and his advisors were part of the clergy.
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What kind of Europe did Charlemagne want?
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A united christian europe
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What kind of worshipper was Charlemagne?
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he was a devoted christian
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What happened to Charlemagne in 800 and why was it so important to his rule?
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He protected pope leo and then was appointed as emperor. It showed that the pope was the only one who could appoint an emperor
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What are Charlemagne's 3 legacies in Europe?
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Christianity, education, and government and germanic blending
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During the Middle Ages, what 2 things spread through Europe and changed the continent forever?
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christianity and education
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What did bishops control
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Land and wealth
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Who both wanted to appoint bishops
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Pope Gregory and king Henry IV
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Who kicked henry out of the church
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Pope gregory
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Why did henry have no power after his excommunication
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because the daily life revolved around the church
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Who waited 3 days in the snow
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Henry IV
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Why did they call Peter the Hermit a hermit? What did he do?
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He was a religious leader who was isolated from everyone else and he led 20,000 people to jerusalem to try to free the people there and take jerusalem back.
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What were the Crusades? Are the Crusades still going on today?
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A series of military campaignes thrying to give the christians back the holy land, jerusalem.
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What caused the Crusades? Who were the 2 groups involved in the Crusades?
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The muslims were in jerusalem and peter the hermit wanted to taje back the holy land for the chritians.
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Why did Pope Urban II call for a crusade?
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He wanted the holy land to be free and let the christians control it
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Who did he call on to defend Constantinople and what city did he want liberated?
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the soldiers of christ and liberate jerusalem
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What kind of war did they call the Crusades?
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the fuedal holy war
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What does the Latin word crusades mean?
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cross
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What image did the Crusaders sew on their clothing?
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a cross
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How many people joined the first crusade?
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150,000 people
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How did the first Crusade turn out? What problems did they encounter on the way to battle?
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most died without reaching the holy land
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How did the second Crusade turn out? What did this cause?
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it failed like the first one but this one gave spain complete control of jerusalem
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What provoked the third Crusade? What did they call the third Crusade? Why did they call it that?
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The fall of jerusalem provoked the 3rd crusade. they called it the crusades of the kings. It was called the crusade of the kings because it was launched by the kings of england, france and germany.
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What was the results of the third Crusade? What did this Crusade fail to achieve?
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They were successful but they failed to actually take control of the holy land.
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What was the pope embarrassed and angry about the fourth Crusades?
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instead of them reaching the holy land they looted christian cities.
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How long did the Crusades last?
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They lasted about 200 years and there were 8 of them.
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What is heresy and what was the Inquisition?
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It is a belief that is rejected from many church teachings and the Inquistion was a series of investigations designed to find and judge heretics.
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What 1 thing did the Crusades fail to do?
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Push out the muslims from the holy land.
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What 3 things did the Crusade have an effect on?
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A wider world trades with the east cultural exchange
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What was the Reconquista?
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It was the way to kick the muslims out of spain.
